The pancreas Flashcards
The pancreas
Where does the pancreatic duct empty secretions into?
The duodenum of the small intestine
The pancreas
General structure of pancreas (image)
The pancreas
Acini cells
Groups of exocrine cells
Secrete into pancreatic duct
The pancreas
Islets of Langerhans
Groups of endocrine cells
The pancreas
What group of cells secrete into the pancreatic ducts?
Acini cells
The pancreas
Exocrine function of pancreas
Secrete alkaline pancreatic juice
Contains digestive enzymes
The pancreas
Endocrine function of pancreas
Secrete hormones important for glucose homeostasis
The pancreas
What hormones does the pancreas secrete?
Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin
Pancreatic polypeptide
The pancreas
What type of hormone is insulin?
Polypeptide hormone
The pancreas
What secretes insulin?
ß-cells of the islets of Langerhans
The pancreas
What factors cause insulin to be produced
High blood glucose and amino acids
Gastrointestinal hormones
Parasympathetic nerve stimulation
The pancreas
What factors inhibit insulin secretion?
Sympathetic nerve stimulation
Somatostatin
The pancreas
What 7 things does insulin stimulate?
Glucose uptake by insulin-sensitive tissues
Translocation of glucose transporter into cell membrane
Glucose utilisation and ATP production
Glucogen storage
Inhibition of gluconeogenesis
Amino acid uptake and protein synthesis
Formation of triglycerides
The pancreas
Where does gluconeogenesis occur?
The liver
The pancreas
What when stimulated by insulin forms triglycerides?
Adipose tissue
The pancreas
What is the glucose transporter molecule that transports glucose across the cell membrane?
GLUT4
The pancreas
What type of hormone is glucagon?
Polypeptide hormone
The pancreas
What synthesises and secretes glucagon?
a-cells of the islets of Langerhans
The pancreas
What factors cause the production of glucagon?
Low blood glucose
High blood amino acids
Gastrointestinal hormones
Parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve stimulation
The pancreas
Why is glucagon produced in response to high blood amino acid levels?
Protects from hypoglycaemia
The pancreas
What factors inhibit the secretion of glucagon?
Insulin
Somatostatin
The pancreas
What does glucagon interact with to cause it’s affects?
Cell surface receptors
The pancreas
What does glucagon stimulate?
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Lipolysis
Use of glucose in metabolism
The pancreas
Gluconeogeneis
Produces glucose from amino acids
The pancreas
Lipolysis
Break down of lipids in adipose tissue
Results in alternative energy substrate
The pancreas
What type of hormone is somatostatin?
Polypeptide hormone
The pancreas
Where is somatostatin synthesised and secreted?
Delta-cells of the islets of Langerhans
The pancreas
What does somatastin suppress?
Insulin and glucagon release
Secretion of other gastrointestinal hormones
Exocrine secreations from pancreas and gastrointestinal tract
Rate of gastric emptying
Rate of gastrointestinal motility
The pancreas
What type of hormone is pancreatic polypeptide?
Polypeptide hormone
The pancreas
Where is the pancreatic polypeptide hormone synthesised and secreted?
PP-cells in the islets of Langerhans
The pancreas
What does the pancreatic polypeptide hormone do?
Regulates exocrine and endocrine sectreation of the pancreas
Inhibits gall bladder contraction
The pancreas
What range is considered normal for blood glucose?
3.5 - 6.0 mM
The pancreas
Diabetes Mellitus
Inability to regulate blood glucose concentration
The pancreas
What causes type 1 diabetes?
Insulin defeciency
Autoimmune destruction of ß-cells in islets of Langerhans
The pancreas
Treatments for type 1 diabetes
Insulin injections
Infusion pump
The pancreas
What causes type 2 diabetes?
Insulin resistance
Caused by range of life style, medical and genetic factors
The pancreas
Treatments for type 2 diabetes
Healthy diet
Increased physical activity
Medication and/or insulin
The pancreas
Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus
Hyperglycaemia
Glycosuria
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Diabtetic neuropathy
Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic nephropathy
Persistant infections
The pancreas
Hyperglycaemia
High glucose concentration in the bloodstream
Especially after a meal
The pancreas
Glycosuria
Kidney doesn’t completely reabsorb high load of glucose
Glucose excreted in urine
The pancreas
Polyuria
Osmotic nature of glucose causes water retention in renal tubules
Increases unrine output
The pancreas
Polydipsia
Water loss can lead to dehydration and thirst
The pancreas
Diabetic neuropathy
Pathological changes in peripheral nervous system
The pancreas
Diabetic retinopathy
Pathological changes in small blood vessels in the retina
Can lead to blindness
The pancreas
Diabetic nephropathy
Microvascular problems impair renal function
Can cause renal failure and death
