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Human Structure and Function > The pancreas > Flashcards

The pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

The pancreas

Where does the pancreatic duct empty secretions into?

A

The duodenum of the small intestine

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2
Q

The pancreas

General structure of pancreas (image)

A
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3
Q

The pancreas

Acini cells

A

Groups of exocrine cells

Secrete into pancreatic duct

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4
Q

The pancreas

Islets of Langerhans

A

Groups of endocrine cells

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5
Q

The pancreas

What group of cells secrete into the pancreatic ducts?

A

Acini cells

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6
Q

The pancreas

Exocrine function of pancreas

A

Secrete alkaline pancreatic juice

Contains digestive enzymes

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7
Q

The pancreas

Endocrine function of pancreas

A

Secrete hormones important for glucose homeostasis

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8
Q

The pancreas

What hormones does the pancreas secrete?

A

Insulin

Glucagon

Somatostatin

Pancreatic polypeptide

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9
Q

The pancreas

What type of hormone is insulin?

A

Polypeptide hormone

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10
Q

The pancreas

What secretes insulin?

A

ß-cells of the islets of Langerhans

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11
Q

The pancreas

What factors cause insulin to be produced

A

High blood glucose and amino acids

Gastrointestinal hormones

Parasympathetic nerve stimulation

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12
Q

The pancreas

What factors inhibit insulin secretion?

A

Sympathetic nerve stimulation

Somatostatin

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13
Q

The pancreas

What 7 things does insulin stimulate?

A

Glucose uptake by insulin-sensitive tissues

Translocation of glucose transporter into cell membrane

Glucose utilisation and ATP production

Glucogen storage

Inhibition of gluconeogenesis

Amino acid uptake and protein synthesis

Formation of triglycerides

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14
Q

The pancreas

Where does gluconeogenesis occur?

A

The liver

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15
Q

The pancreas

What when stimulated by insulin forms triglycerides?

A

Adipose tissue

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16
Q

The pancreas

What is the glucose transporter molecule that transports glucose across the cell membrane?

A

GLUT4

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17
Q

The pancreas

What type of hormone is glucagon?

A

Polypeptide hormone

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18
Q

The pancreas

What synthesises and secretes glucagon?

A

a-cells of the islets of Langerhans

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19
Q

The pancreas

What factors cause the production of glucagon?

A

Low blood glucose

High blood amino acids

Gastrointestinal hormones

Parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve stimulation

20
Q

The pancreas

Why is glucagon produced in response to high blood amino acid levels?

A

Protects from hypoglycaemia

21
Q

The pancreas

What factors inhibit the secretion of glucagon?

A

Insulin

Somatostatin

22
Q

The pancreas

What does glucagon interact with to cause it’s affects?

A

Cell surface receptors

23
Q

The pancreas

What does glucagon stimulate?

A

Glycogenolysis

Gluconeogenesis

Lipolysis

Use of glucose in metabolism

24
Q

The pancreas

Gluconeogeneis

A

Produces glucose from amino acids

25
Q

The pancreas

Lipolysis

A

Break down of lipids in adipose tissue

Results in alternative energy substrate

26
Q

The pancreas

What type of hormone is somatostatin?

A

Polypeptide hormone

27
Q

The pancreas

Where is somatostatin synthesised and secreted?

A

Delta-cells of the islets of Langerhans

28
Q

The pancreas

What does somatastin suppress?

A

Insulin and glucagon release

Secretion of other gastrointestinal hormones

Exocrine secreations from pancreas and gastrointestinal tract

Rate of gastric emptying

Rate of gastrointestinal motility

29
Q

The pancreas

What type of hormone is pancreatic polypeptide?

A

Polypeptide hormone

30
Q

The pancreas

Where is the pancreatic polypeptide hormone synthesised and secreted?

A

PP-cells in the islets of Langerhans

31
Q

The pancreas

What does the pancreatic polypeptide hormone do?

A

Regulates exocrine and endocrine sectreation of the pancreas

Inhibits gall bladder contraction

32
Q

The pancreas

What range is considered normal for blood glucose?

A

3.5 - 6.0 mM

33
Q

The pancreas

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Inability to regulate blood glucose concentration

34
Q

The pancreas

What causes type 1 diabetes?

A

Insulin defeciency

Autoimmune destruction of ß-cells in islets of Langerhans

35
Q

The pancreas

Treatments for type 1 diabetes

A

Insulin injections

Infusion pump

36
Q

The pancreas

What causes type 2 diabetes?

A

Insulin resistance

Caused by range of life style, medical and genetic factors

37
Q

The pancreas

Treatments for type 2 diabetes

A

Healthy diet

Increased physical activity

Medication and/or insulin

38
Q

The pancreas

Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus

A

Hyperglycaemia

Glycosuria

Polyuria

Polydipsia

Diabtetic neuropathy

Diabetic retinopathy

Diabetic nephropathy

Persistant infections

39
Q

The pancreas

Hyperglycaemia

A

High glucose concentration in the bloodstream

Especially after a meal

40
Q

The pancreas

Glycosuria

A

Kidney doesn’t completely reabsorb high load of glucose

Glucose excreted in urine

41
Q

The pancreas

Polyuria

A

Osmotic nature of glucose causes water retention in renal tubules

Increases unrine output

42
Q

The pancreas

Polydipsia

A

Water loss can lead to dehydration and thirst

43
Q

The pancreas

Diabetic neuropathy

A

Pathological changes in peripheral nervous system

44
Q

The pancreas

Diabetic retinopathy

A

Pathological changes in small blood vessels in the retina

Can lead to blindness

45
Q

The pancreas

Diabetic nephropathy

A

Microvascular problems impair renal function

Can cause renal failure and death

Human Structure and Function (14 decks)

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