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Human Structure and Function > General Endorinology > Flashcards

General Endorinology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hormone

A

Chemical substance

Sythesised and secreted by a specific gland

Secreted in small amounts into the blood stream

Acts at a site distant from the site of secretion

Acts on specific receptors to give a specific physiological effect

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2
Q

Where are horomones produced

A

Synthesised and excreted by the gland specific to the particular hormone

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3
Q

How do hormones travel round the body

A

In the blood stream

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4
Q

How far do hormones have to travel

A

They act on areas that are far away from the site of secretion

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5
Q

How to hormones cause effects

A

By binding to their specific receptor

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6
Q

What things do hormones regulate

A

Reproduction

Growth and development

Maintenance of the internal environment

Regulation of digestion and energy availability

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7
Q

Types of hormones

A

Proteins

Peptides

Amino acid derivatives

Lipids and steroids

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8
Q

What hormones are soluable in water

A

Peptide hormones

Protein hormones

Catecholamines

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9
Q

Examples of amino acid derivated hormones

A

Thyroid hormones

Catecholamines

Melatonin

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10
Q

Hormones that are lipid soluable

A

Steroid hormones

Thyroid hormones

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11
Q

How do hormones act on target cells

A

Act on specific receptors

Regulate the activity of the cell

Mechanism of action depends on the hormone

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12
Q

Hormones that do not enter the cell

A

Peptide

Protein

Catecholamines

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13
Q

How hormones that do not enter the cell work

A

Bind to cell surface receptors

Activate or inhibit intracellular signalling pathways

This alters protein and enzyme activities

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14
Q

The cascade effect in hormones

A

Hormones secreted in small quantities

Receptor mechanisms cause amplification

Activated proteins in turn activated other proteins in greater number

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15
Q

Hormones that do enter the cell

A

Lipid soluable ones:

  • Steroid hormones
  • Thyroid hormones
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16
Q

What guides hormones that enter the cell to the nucleus?

A

Cytoplasmic and/or nuclear receptors

17
Q

How are hormones controlled

A

Neural regulation

Endocrin and neuroendocrine regulation

Non-neural/non-endocrine regulation

Positve and negative feedback

Other aspects of hormone bioavailability

18
Q

Other aspects of bioavailability that control hormones

A

Substrate availability

Hormone metabolism (activating and inactivating enzymes)

Binding proteins in the circulation and tissues

Access to target tissues

Tissue sensitivity

19
Q

Hormones that are stored after secretion

A

Peptide

Protein

Catecholamines

20
Q

Hormones that are produced in response to stimulus and not stored

A

Steroid hormones

Thyroid hormones

21
Q

What hormones don’t travel in the blood with binding proteins

A

Peptide

Protein

Catecholamines

22
Q

What hormones travel in the blood with binding proteins

A

Steroid hormones

Thyroid hormones

23
Q

Which hormones are broken down by proteases and cell lysosomes

A

Peptide

Protein

Catecholamines

24
Q

Which hormones are modified by the liver so they’re water soluable

How are they then excreted

A

Steroid and thyroid hormones

Excreted in bile/urine

25
Q

Which hormones have a half-life of minutes

A

Peptide

Protein

Catecholamines

26
Q

Which hormones have a half-life of hours

A

Steroid hormones

Thyroid hormones

27
Q

What hormones have a rapid onset and short duration

A

Protein

Petide

Catecholamines

28
Q

What hormones take a while to cause an effect but have a long duration

A

Steroid hormones

Thyroid hormones

29
Q

Which hormones may have a permanent effect

A

Steroid hormones

Thyroid hormones

Human Structure and Function (14 decks)

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