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Human Structure and Function > Structure of the heart > Flashcards

Structure of the heart Flashcards

1
Q

Why don’t we just have oxygen diffusing through our body instead of having a cardiovascular system

A

Would be too slow

Lots of cells wouldn’t be able to be sustained

Would limit size of organism

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2
Q

Advantages of circulatory system

A

Organisms can be bigger

Can sustain a higher metabolic rate

Direct flow of substances between organs

Blood flow can regulate organ function

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3
Q

Drawbacks of a circulatory system

A

Circulatory failure can be fatal

High pressure and flow require control

High pressures place stress on vessels

Metabolically expensive

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4
Q

Functions of circulatory system

A

Transport to tissues

Remove waste products from tissues

Transport blood cells around the body

Regulate body temperature by transfer of heat

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5
Q

Things the circulation of blood transports

A

Oxygen

Nutrients

Hormomes

Growth factors

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6
Q

Cardiac output at rest

A

About 5L.min-1

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7
Q

Cardiac output during exercise

A

About 2-35L.min-1

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8
Q

Location of heart

A
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9
Q

Pericardium

A

Lining of the pericardial cavity

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10
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Contains pericardial fluid

Acts as a lubricant, reducing friction as the heart beats

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11
Q

Visceral pericardium

A

Covers outer surface of the heart

Inner most layer of pericardium

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12
Q

Parietal pericardium

A

Lines inner surface (heart side) of the fibrous pericardium

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13
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

Surrounds the heart

Dense network of collagen fibres

Stabilses the position of the heart in the mediastinum

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14
Q

What is the serous pericardium made up of

A

Visceral pericardium

Parietal pericardium

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15
Q

Order of pericardium starting closest to the heart

A

Visceral pericardium

Parietal pericardium

Fibrous pericardium

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16
Q

Another name for the fibrous pericardium

A

Pericardial sac

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17
Q

Right atrioventricular valve

A

Tricupsid valve

Seperates right atrium and the right ventricle

Has 3 fibrous flaps or cusps

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18
Q

Which valve in the heart doesn’t have 3 fibrous flaps

A

Left atrioventricular / bicuspid / mitral valve

19
Q

Chordae tendinae

A

Tendinous connective tissue fibres

Attached to the free edges of the cusps in the valves of the heart

Stops the AV valves swinging loose and letting blood flow backwards

Originates from the papillary muscles

20
Q

Which valve seperates the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk

A

Pulmonary valve

21
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

After right ventricle

Made of 3 semilunar cusps made of thick connective tissue

Stops blood flowing back into the right ventricle as it relaxes

22
Q

Pupillary muscles

A

Conical muscular projections

Arise from the inner surface of the right ventricle

Where cordae tendinae originate

23
Q

Which valve seperates the left atrium and left ventricle

A

Left AV / bicuspid valve / mitral valve

24
Q

Left AV valve

A

Bicuspid / mitral valve

Has 2 cusps/fibrous flaps

Seperates left atrium and left ventricle

25
Q

Aortic valve

A

Valve that blood passes through to leave left ventricle

3 semilunar cusps

26
Q

Flow of blood from body into the heart and up to the lungs

A
  1. Superior/inferior vena cava
  2. Right atrium
  3. Trucuspid valve
  4. Right ventricle
  5. Pulmonary semilunar valves
  6. Pulmonary trunk
  7. Pulmonary arteries
27
Q

Flow of blood from lungs, through heart and to the body

A
  1. Pulmonary veins
  2. Left atrium
  3. Bicuspid valve
  4. Left ventricle
  5. Aortic semilunar valve
  6. Aorta
28
Q

Difference between right and left ventricles

A

Left ventricle wall is thicker

Left ventricle is spherical

Right ventricle resembles a pouch attached to the wall of the left ventricle

29
Q

Which ventricle has the thicker wall

Why

A

Left

Requires more force to pump the blood around the body

30
Q

Circuits of the circulatory system

A

Pulmonary

Systemic

31
Q

Pulmonary system

A

Carries blood to the lungs

32
Q

Systemic circuit

A

Carries blood to the rest of the body

Everything but lungs

33
Q

What moves blood along

A

Elastic rebound

Blood pressure

34
Q

Elastic rebound

A

Aorta is stretched by the blood pumped from the left ventricle

When the left ventricle relaxes no more blood is flows into the aorta

The pressure in the aorta declines

Walls of aorta recoil

This pushes the blood along

35
Q

How does blood enter the coranary ateries

A

They originate from the base of the aorta

When the aorta recoils and pushes blood along some goes backwards and into the coranary arteries through the aortic sinus

36
Q

Cardiac muscle cell

A

Wrapped in strong and flexible elastic sheath

Adjacent cells are tied together by fibrous cross links (struts)

These fibres are woven into sheets that seperate superficial and deep muscle layers

37
Q

Cardiac muscle cells

Connective-tissue fibres roles

A

Provide physical support for cardiac muscle fibres, blood vessels and nerves of the myocardium

Help distribute the forces of contraction

Add strength and prevent over-expansion of heart

Provide elasticity and helps return the heart to it’s original size and shape after contraction

38
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

Coranary circulation becomes blocked

Cardiac muscle cells affected die from lack of oxygen

Tissues degenerate and leads to a non-functional area (infarct)

39
Q

Three layers of heart wall

A

Epicardium

Myocardium

Endocardium

40
Q

Epicardium

A

Layer of heart wall

Is the visceral pericardium

Composed of exposed mesothelium and an underlying layer of loose connective tissue attached to the myocardium

41
Q

Myocardium

A

Layer of heart wall

Muscular wall of heart

42
Q

What does the myocardium consist of

A

Cardiac muscles

Blood vessesls

Nerves

43
Q

Endocardium

A

Layer of heart

Covers the inner surfaces of the heart

Just a simple squamous epithelium

44
Q

Features of cardiac muscle

A

Striated muscle

Branches cells

One or two nuclei in middle of cell

Intercalated discs

Human Structure and Function (14 decks)

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