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Human Structure and Function > Levels of organisation in the body and homeostasis > Flashcards

Levels of organisation in the body and homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Define anatomy

A

The branch of science that deals with the bodily structure of living organisms

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2
Q

Define physiology

A

The branch of science that deals with the normal functioning of living organisms and their systems and organs Basically how the body works, and how it responds to internal and external challenges

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3
Q

Levels of organisation in the body (smallest to biggest)

A

Molecules Cells Tissues Organs Systems Organism

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4
Q

Molecules

A

The chemical level of organisation

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5
Q

Functions cells can perform

A

Protection Secretion Exchange Absorption Communication Movement

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6
Q

Can a single cell perform every task cells are required to do?

A

No They are specialised to their own task

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7
Q

Functions of the plasma membrane

A

Physical barrier Compartmentalises the cell Regulates exchange with the environment Gives structural support Attachment site of proteins Transmits electrical and chemical signals Secretes and takes up substances

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8
Q

Ways that substances can cross the plasma membrane

A

Simple/passive diffusion Facilitated diffusion Exocytosis Endocytosis

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9
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of cells with similar structure and function

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10
Q

The four types of tissue

A

Epithelial Connective Nervous Muscular

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11
Q

Types of epithelial tissue

A

Can be either simple or stratified: Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Pseudostratified

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12
Q

What makes simple epithelial tissues simple?

A

One cell thick

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13
Q

What do the epithelial cells sit on?

A

Basement membrane

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14
Q

Epithelial tissue that is more than one cell thick

A

Stratified

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15
Q

Types of connective tissue

A

Connective tissue proper Fluid connective tissue Supporting connective tissue

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16
Q

Types of connective tissue proper

A

Loose Dense

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17
Q

Types of fluid connective tissue

A

Blood Lympth

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18
Q

Types of supportive connective tissue

A

Bone Cartilage Adipose tissue

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19
Q

Types of nervous tissue

A

Neurones Glial cells

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20
Q

What makes up a huge proportion of the brain? What is the percentage?

A

Glial cells 90%

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21
Q

Types of glial cells

A

Schwann cells Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes Microglial cells

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22
Q

Types of muscular tissue

A

Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle

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23
Q

Which type of muscle do we have control of?

A

Skeletal muscle

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24
Q

What type of muscle makes up the heart?

A

Cardiac muscle

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25
Q

What type of muscle makes up blood vessels?

A

Smooth muscle

26
Q

Organ definition

A

Collection of tissue types with specific structure and function

27
Q

Examples of organs

A

Heart Lungs Kidneys Stomach Thyroid gland

28
Q

Systems definitions

A

Organs with complementary functions

29
Q

11 systems

A

Integumentary Cardiovascular Respiratory Digestive Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Lymphatic Urinary Reproductive

30
Q

Define organism

A

The functional entity that is able to breathe, move, feed, reproduce….. idependantly

31
Q

What does the internal environment refer to?

A

The fluid surrounding cells

32
Q

What are cells surrounded by in the body?

A

Extracellular fluid

33
Q

What is extracellular fluid?

A

Interstitial fluid Plasma Surrounds cells

34
Q

Homeostasis

A

Biological self-regulation The ability of the body to maintain a condition of dynamic equilibrium within the the internal environment when dealing with external changes

35
Q

Examples of things controlled by homeostasis

A

Concentration of ions (Na+…) Concentration of nutrients Concentration of blood gases Physical characteristics of blood (pressure, volume…)

36
Q

Normal range of blood glucose

A

3.5 - 6.0 nM

37
Q

Normal range of blood osmolarity

A

280 - 295 mOsM

38
Q

Normal range of body temperature

A

36.5 - 37.5 oC

39
Q

Normal range of atrial blood pressure

A

120/80 mmHg

40
Q

Normal range of atrial pO2

A

80-100 mmHg

41
Q

Normal range of atrial pH

A

7.35 - 7.45

42
Q

What does p stand for in pO2

A

Partial pressure The amount of pressure that a gas exerts

43
Q

Steps in homeostatic mechanism

A

Change in controlled variable This is registered by sensors Sensors send messages via the afferent pathway to the CNS This sends a message via efferent pathways to the effectors Effectors cause a response to return the variable to equilibrium

44
Q

Negative feedback

A

Homeostasis Reacts to a change in a controlled variable to re-establish equilibrium

45
Q

Example of negative feedback (increase in blood pressure)

A

Increase in blood pressure detected by receptors in blood vessels CNS responds and lowers heart rate This causes decrease in blood pressure Equilibrium restored

46
Q

How would you describe the equilibrium in homeostasis

A

Dynamic It fluctuates small amounts around a set value/s

47
Q

Feed-forward regulation

A

Homeostasis Predictive mechanism Can use behavioural cues to predict how it should respond to the expected change

48
Q

Example of feed-forward regulation

A

Eat food Signal sent predicting rise in glucose levels Insulin released slightly early to break down glucose straight away

49
Q

Positive feedback

A

Homeostasis Escalates a change in variable to make it greater Aims to reach an end point When the end point is reached the stimulus disappears and feedback stops

50
Q

Most common form of feedback in homeostasis

A

Negative

51
Q

Examples of physiological changes of homeostatic control

A

Cardiovascular variables during exercise (heart rate to supply more oxygen) May be changes throughout the day to give circadian changes

52
Q

What if there are changes that cause conflicting responses?

A

The body prioritises other variables above others

53
Q

Example of prioritising is homeostasis

A

Salty diet causes the body to hold onto more water Causes an increase of blood pressure as osmosis causes water to remain in the blood, increasing it’s volume and pressure

54
Q

Pathological changes in homeostasis

A

Pathogens can delude the body’s control centre to believe variables should be different Causes response that isn’t need and could be dangerous Or can just lose control/be unable to affect changes

55
Q

Examples of pathological changes in homeostasis

A

Fever - make the body believe body temperature should be higher Cancer - loss of control of cell division Circulatory shock - hypotension following haemorrhage as body tries increase blood pressure by raising heart rate, but failing

56
Q

How cells communicate with each other

A

Direct (cell-to-cell): mechanical, chemical, electrical Paracrine/autocrine Endocrine Neural Neuroendocrine

57
Q

Pseudostratified epithelial tissue

A

Gives appearence that it is stratified because how crowded the cells are

58
Q

Image of simple epithelial tissues:

Squamous

Cuboidale

Columnar

A
59
Q

Image of pseudostratified epithelial tissue

A
60
Q

Image of stratified epithelial tissue

A

Human Structure and Function (14 decks)

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