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Gross II > The Orbit > Flashcards

The Orbit Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 bones that for the orbital surfaces

A 
frontal bone
sphenoid
maxilla
palatine
lacrimal
ethmoid
zygomatic
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2
Q

What is contained within the optic canal

A

CN2, and opthalmic artery

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3
Q

What bone is associated with the optic canal

A

lesser wing of the sphenoid

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4
Q

What are the contents of the superior orbital fissure

A

CN3, CN4, CN6, V1, and superior opthalmic veins

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5
Q

What bones are associated with the superior orbital fissure

A

lesser and greater wings of sphenoid

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6
Q

What are the contents of the inferior orbital fissure

A

infraorbital n,a,v

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7
Q

What are the contents of the supraorbital foramen

A

supraorbital n,a,v

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8
Q

What are the contents of the infraorbital foramen

A

infraorbital n,a,v

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9
Q

What is the infraorbital foramen continuous with

A

The infraorbital groove

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10
Q

What is contained within the ethmoidal foramina

A

ethmoidal n,a,v

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11
Q

What is contained in the the nasolacrimal canal

A

the nasolacrimal duct

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12
Q

Which part of the orbit is the thickest

A

the lateral wall

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13
Q

What does the medial wall separate

A

the orbit from the ethmoid air cells and nasal cavity

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14
Q

What does the roof separate

A

Orbit from the anterior cranial fossa

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15
Q

What does the floor separate

A

orbit from the maxillary sinus

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16
Q

Where are the canthi located

A

edges of the palpebral fissure

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17
Q

What is another name for the lateral canthus

A

temporal canthus

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18
Q

What is another name for the medial canthus

A

nasal canthus

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19
Q

What structures are included in the medial canthus

A

Lacrimal Caruncle

Lacrimal Puncta

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20
Q

What is the lacrimal caruncle

A

fleshy prominence at the medial canthus, contains sebaceous and sweat glands

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21
Q

What is the lacrimal puncta

A

found in the lacrimal papilla, its a pinhole opening that permits draining of lacrimal fluid

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22
Q

What help to maintain the shape of the eyelids

A

Tarsal plates-found deep to skin and muscle

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23
Q

What glands are found embedded within the tarsal plates

A

Tarsal Glands (meibonnian gland)

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24
Q

What type of gland are tarsal glands

A

sebaceous-functions
lubricate the margins of eye
increase surface tension along margins

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25
Q

What are the ciliary glands

A

Glands of Moll

Glands of Zeis

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26
Q

What type of gland is the gland of moll

A

sweat gland

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27
Q

what type of gland is the gland of zeiss

A

sebaceous glands

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28
Q

What is a Sty

A

Hordoleum- infected gland of eyelid

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29
Q

What is a chalazion

A

plugged gland – cyst like

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30
Q

What are the two portions of the conjuctiva

A

Palpebral portion

Bulbar portion

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31
Q

What does the palpebral portion of the conjuctiva cover

A

the internal surface of the eyelids

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32
Q

What does the bulbar portion of the conjuctiva do

A

reflects onto the eyeball–continuous with the outer cornea

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33
Q

Where are the fornices and what are they

A

recesses of the conjuctiva, and they are where the palpebral conjuctiva meet the bulbar conjuctiva

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34
Q

Where is the lacrimal gland located

A

superolateral position of the anterior orbit

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35
Q

What does the lacrimal gland do

A

secretes serous lacrimal fluid (lacrimation) through series of ducts

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36
Q

What is the function of the lacrimal gland

A 
Circulate fluid across corneal surface and inner eyelids to:
moisten 
clean
lubricate
"protect"
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37
Q

Which part of the spinal cord do the preganglionic sympathetic fibers exit

A

T1-T5

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38
Q

What is the function of the parasympathetic fibers innervating the lacrimal gland

A

secretomotor– control lacrimation

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39
Q

What nerves are associated with the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers of the lacrimal gland

A

CN7 and greater petrosal nerve

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40
Q

What ganglion is associated with postganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the lacrimal gland

A

Sphenopalatine ganglion

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41
Q

What do the sympathetic fibers of the lacrima gland innervate

A

the arteries of the gland

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42
Q

Whats the function of the sympathetic fibers of the lacrimal gland

A

vasomotor

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43
Q

What ganglion is associated with the postganglionic sympathetic fibers of the lacrimal gland

A

The superior cervical ganglion

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44
Q

How does lacrimal fluid move from lacrimal gland to nasal cavity

A

Lacrimal Puncta
Lacrimal Canaliculi
Lacrimal Sac
Nasolacrimal Duct

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45
Q

How does the lacrimal fluid move through the lacrimal sac

A

its compressed by the action of blinking pushing the fluid through

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46
Q

What are the two layers formed from the separation of the cranial dura upon entrance into the orbit

A

Peri Orbita

Orbiral Dura

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47
Q

What is the Peri Orbita and what are the characteristics

A

Periosteal layer lining the orbit that easily separates from the bones of the orbit

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48
Q

What is the orbital dura and what are the characteristics

A

Outer meningeal layer of the optic nerve

It follows the optic nerve to posterior eyeball where it becomes continuous with the sclera of the eyeball

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49
Q

What is the function of the orbital fat

A

helps maintain orientation of orbital structures

helps to form soft socket for eyeball

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50
Q

What is the Tenons Capsule (fascia bulbi)

A

Smooth thin membranous layer of fascia on anterior edge of the orbital fat (posterior to eyeball)

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51
Q

What is the Episcleral Space

A

The potential space between the sclera and tenons capsule

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52
Q

What is formed by the orbital fat, tenons capsule, and the episcleral space

A

The socket for the eyeball

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53
Q

True/False:

There are seven extrinsic muscles of the eyeball and 5 of those muscles move the eyeball

A

False: 6 move the eyeball and 1 moves the eyelid

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54
Q

What is the common tendon that all recti muscles originate from

A

Annulus Tendineous – Ring like tendon located at the apex of the orbit near the optic canal and the superior orbital fissure

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55
Q

What is the action and innervation of the Lateral Rectus m

A

CN 6– pure abduction of the eye

56
Q

What is the innervation and action of the medial rectus muscle

A

CN3– fairly pure adduction of eye

57
Q

What is the innervation of the and action of the inferior rectus

A

CN3– principle: depression of eye

also: adduction, lateral rotation(extorsion)

58
Q

What is the innervation and action of the superior rectus muscle

A

CN3– elevation(principle)

also: adduction, medial rotation (intorsion)

59
Q

What is the origin of the superior oblique muscle

A

sphenoid above the the annulus tendineous at orbital apex

60
Q

What is the insertion of the superior oblique muscle

A

passes through trochlea and inserts onto sclera superolaterally

61
Q

What is the trochlea

A

fibrocartilaginous loop of tissue located on anterosuperomedial aspect of the orbit

62
Q

What is the innervation and action of the superior oblique muscle

A

CN4– depression (principle)

also: abduction, medial rotation (intorsion)

63
Q

What is the origin of the inferior oblique muscle

A

floor of the orbit at the anteromedial aspect

64
Q

Where does the inferior oblique muscle insert

A

lateral and posterior aspect of the eyeball

65
Q

What are actions of the inferior oblique muscle

A

elevation (principle)

also: abduction, lateral rotation (extorsion)

66
Q

Why are the medial and lateral recti muscles so important

A

They produce relatively pure movement, and therefore if paralyzed they would greatly hinder that particular movements

67
Q

Will paralysis of muscles other than lateral and medial recti be noticeable

A

no since none of them produce a unique movement

68
Q

What are the two types of coordinated movements of the eyes

A

conjugate: parallel
vergence: divergence, and convergence

69
Q

What is the insertion of the levator palpebral superioris

A

superior tarsal plate/superior palpebrae

70
Q

What is the innervation and action of levator palpebra superioris

A

CN3– elevate the superior eyelid

71
Q

What is the condition when the levator palpebra superioris is paralyzed

A

Ptosis of the eyelid– droopy eyelid

72
Q

What are the accessory muscles of the orbit

A

Tarsal muscles (superior and inferior)

73
Q

What type of muscle are the tarsal muscles

A

smooth muscle

74
Q

What is the innervation and action of the tarsal muscles

A

postganglionic sympathetic fibers– assist in elevating the superior palpebrum and depressing the inferior palpebrum

75
Q

What is opthalmic artery a branch of

A

the internal carotid

76
Q

Where does the opthalmic artery enter the orbit

A

through the optic canal travels along medial wall of orbit

77
Q

What are the 7 branches of the opthalmic artery

A 
Central Artery
Lacrimal Artery
Posterior Ciliary Artery
Anterior ciliary a
supraorbital a
ethmoidal a
supratrochlear a
78
Q

What is supplied by the central artery

A

inner retina

79
Q

What is supplied by the lacrimal artery

A

elements of lateral orbit
lacrimal glands
lateral eyelids
some skin of lateral orbit

80
Q

What is supplied by the posterior ciliary artery

A

posterior aspect of eyeball

81
Q

What is the supplied by the anterior ciliary artery

A

anterior aspect of the eyeball

82
Q

What does the supraorbital artery pass through

A

supraorbital foramen

83
Q

What is supplied by the supraorbital artery

A

elements of the superior orbit

cutaneous elements of the upper eyelid and the skin of forehead

84
Q

What is supplied by the ethmoidal arteries

A

ethmoid air cells
frontal sinus
part of nasal cavity

85
Q

What is the terminal branch of the ophthalmic artery

A

Supratrochlear artery

86
Q

What is supplied by the supratrochlear artery

A

top bridge of nose and medial forehead

87
Q

What two branches of the ophthalmic artery supply blood to capillary plexus in choroid layer of eyeball

A

posterior and anterior ciliary arteries

88
Q

Where does superior ophthalmic vein drain to

A

through orbit into the cavernous sinus

89
Q

Where does the inferior ophthalmic vein receive blood from

A

inferior elements of the orbit– drains into the cavernous sinus

90
Q

Where do the central veins receive blood from and where do they drain to

A

from the inner retina and drain into ophtalmic veins or directly into cavernous sinus

91
Q

Where do the vortex veins receive blood from and where do they drain to

A

from the outer layers of the eyeball drain into ophthalmic vv.

92
Q

Is the ophthalmic nerve sensroy or motor fibers

A

sensory only

93
Q

What are the branches of the ophthalmic nerve

A

frontal n
lacrimal n
nasociliary n

94
Q

Which branch is the largest branch of the ophthalmic nerve

A

frontal n

95
Q

What are the 2 branches of the frontal nerve

A

supratrochlear n

supraorbital n

96
Q

What does the supraorbital nerve innervate

A

tissue of forehead
help upper eyelid
help conjuctiva

97
Q

What does the supratrochlear nerve innervate

A

helps upper eyelid

helps conjuctiva

98
Q

What are the branches off the nasociliary nerve

A 
long ciliary nerves
ethmoidal nerves
infratrochlear nerves
nasociliary communicating rami
Hitchhikers
99
Q

What is innervated by the long ciliary nerves

A

sensory to the eyeball including the cornea and iris

100
Q

What is innervated by the ethmoidal nerves

A

ethmoid air cells
frontal sinus
PART of the nasal cavity

101
Q

What is innervated by the infratrochlear nerve

A

sensory to:
skin of medial canthus of the eye
topmost bridge of the nose

102
Q

What does the nasociliary communicating rami communicate with

A

Ciliary Ganglion

103
Q

What are usually hitchhiking the nasociliary nerves

A

postganglionic sympathetic fibers from internal carotid nerve plexus

104
Q

What does the lacrimal nerve provide sensory to

A

conjuctiva
upper eyelid
superior lateral orbit
lacrimal gland

105
Q

Where do the lacrimal n hitchhikers originate from

A

postganglionic parasympathetic fibers that originate from the sphenopalatine ganglion

106
Q

What type of innervation do the lacrimal n hitchhikers provide

A

secretomotor to the lacrimal gland

107
Q

Where are the ciliary ganglion located

A

near the apex of the orbit between the lateral rectus m. and the optic n.

108
Q

How is the ciliary ganglion connected to the back of the eye

A

short ciliary nerves

109
Q

What is the ciliary ganglion made up of

A

postganglionic parasympathetic neurons

110
Q

What is innervated by the ciliary ganglion

A

constrictor pupillae m.

ciliary m.

111
Q

What are the 2 elements of the outer tunic

A

sclera

cornea

112
Q

What is the sclera continuous with

A

posteriorly: orbital dura
anteriorly: cornea at the limbus

113
Q

How many layers make up the cornea

A

3 anterior, middle, inner

114
Q

T/F: The outer tunic is well vascularized

A

False
Sclera: poorly vascularized
Cornea: largely avascular

115
Q

What are the 3 layers of the middle tunic

A

choroid
iris
ciliary body

116
Q

What is the major characteristic of the middle tunic of the eye

A

highly vascularized

117
Q

What supplies the choroid layer of the middle tunic

A

dense ciliary plexus supplied by ciliary arteries

vortex veins drain the plexus

118
Q

How is the choroid innervated

A

Nerve plexus supplied by long and short ciliary including:
V1 sensory fibers
postganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers

119
Q

What complex structure is found in the iris

A

Pupil

120
Q

What 2 intrinsic muscles control the pupil

A

sphincter pupillae muscle

dilator pupillae muscle

121
Q

What orientation are the constrictor pupillae mm found

A

fibers oriented concentrically

122
Q

What innervates the sphincter pupillae muscle

A

preganglionic CN3

postganglionic neurons of ciliary ganglion

123
Q

What innervates the dilator pupillae muscle

A

preganglion fibers of T1

postganglion superior cervical ganglion of sympathetic chain

124
Q

What are the two major functions of the ciliary body

A

Secrete aqueous humor into posterior chamber of the eye

Help suspend the lens and control tension on lens

125
Q

Where is the aqueous humor resorbed

A

the irido-corneal angle into sinus venous sclerae canal of schlemm

126
Q

What are the functions of aqueous humor

A

refractive medium of eye
nutrients and fluid to cornea and lens
circulation dynamic helps to establish intraocular pressure

127
Q

What is glaucoma

A

condition of interference of circulation of aqueous humor – usually leads to increase in intraocular pressure

128
Q

If the tension on the lens is increased what happens to the shape

A

the convexity is decreased

129
Q

If the tension on the lens is decreased what happens to the shape

A

the convexity is increased

130
Q

What are the 2 layers of the inner tunic

A

neural layer

pigmented layer

131
Q

What is the outermost layer of the inner tunic

A

the pigmented layer

132
Q

What is the function of the pigmented layer

A

absorb light through the neural layer

support and provide growth factors to rods and cones

133
Q

What structures are found in the neural layer of the inner tunic

A

rods and cones – the proprioceptive cells

134
Q

What is the function of cones

A

color vision and high resolution

135
Q

What is the function of rods

A

peripheral vision and low light vision and low resolution

136
Q

What is the order of innervation starting with the rods/cones

A

bipolar cells–ganglion cells–ganglion cells converge on posterior aspect of the eyeball to form optic nerve at the optic disc– ora serrata

137
Q

What is the Ora Serrata

A

anterior serrated edge of functional retina

Gross II (13 decks)

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