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NLM2 Anatomy > The orbit > Flashcards

The orbit Flashcards

1
Q

What forms the roof and floor of the orbit?

A 
Roof= orbital plate of the frontal bone
Floor= maxilla
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2
Q

What forms the lateral and medial walls of the orbit?

A

Lateral wall= greater wing of sphenoid and zygoma

Medial wall= ethmoid and lacrimal bones

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3
Q

What does the superior orbital fissure contain?

A

Oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, abducent nerve, branches of opthalmic nerve

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4
Q

What does the inferior orbital fissure contain?

A

Maxillary nerve and sympathetic nerves

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5
Q

What does the optic canal contain?

A

Optic nerve and opthalmic artery

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6
Q

What does the lacrimal groove become?

A

Nasolacrimal canal-> inferior meatus of nasal cavity

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7
Q

What is the sclera?

A

The outer fibrous coat of the eye- the white of the eye
Continuous with cornea and dura
Covered by conjunctiva

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8
Q

Describe the cornea

A

Avascular, richly innervated, transparent
Covered by non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
Continuous with conjunctiva

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9
Q

What is the middle vascular coat of the eyeball?

A

Choroid

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10
Q

What is the choroid?

A

Highly vascular middle coat of the eyeball

Continous with iris by the ciliary body

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11
Q

What is the ciliary body?

A

Ciliary processes which project inwards towards the lens, connected by suspensory ligaments
Responsible for changes in lens convexity
Contraction relaxes suspensory ligaments-> increased lens convexity

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12
Q

Parasympathetic activation causes what to happen in the eye?

A 
Contraction of ciliary muscles to make lens more convex and adjust for near-sightedness
Sphincter pupillae (circular) contract and constricts pupil
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13
Q

Sympathetic activation causes what to happen in the eye?

A

Dilator pupillae to contract, pupil dilates

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14
Q

What is the optic disc?

A

Blind spot where fibres of optic nerve converge

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15
Q

What is the macula lutea and where is it found?

A

Site of highest visual resolution on retina

Surround fovea centralis

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16
Q

What is papilloedema?

A

Oedema of the vessels entering the eyeball around the optic disc
Caused by increased ICP

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17
Q

What is the contents of the eyeball?

A

Vitreous body (clear gel) behind lens and aqueous humour infront of lens

18
Q

What nerves are involved when focusing on a near object?

A

Eyes converge (oculomotor), pupils constrict and lenses increase in convexity (Parasympathetic from ciliary ganglion)

19
Q

What is the small elevation on the medial margin of the lower eyelid called?

A

Lacrimal papilla

20
Q

What is the small orifice in the lacrimal papilla called? Where does it lead?

A

Lacrimal punctum, leads to lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct-> inferior meatus of nasal cavity

21
Q

Whats the palpebral fissure?

A

Area between eyelids

22
Q

What can lead to sunken eyes?

A

Cachexia (due to cancer) or severe anorexia

23
Q

What can lead to popping eyes?

A

Hyperthyroidism

24
Q

What inserts into the skin of the eyelids

A

Obicularis oculi (palpebral part) and levator palpebrae superioris

25
Q

What are the eyelids strengthened by?

A

Dense connective tissue= tarsus

26
Q

Where are the tarsal glands and what do they produce?

A

Found in the tarsus of the eyelids, lubricates edges of the eyelids

27
Q

What is found in the medial corner of the eye?

A

Lacrimal caruncle and just lateral to it is the plica semiluminaris (vertical fold of conjunctiva)

28
Q

Name the recti and their innervation

A

Superior, medial and inferior recti= oculomotr

Lateral rectus= abducent

29
Q

Name the other muscles of the eye (not recti)

A

Superior oblique= trochlear nerve

Inferior oblique= oculomotor nerve

30
Q

Where do the parasympathetic nerves to the eye orginate from?

A

Pre ganglionic from Edinger-Westphal nucleus in brainstem
Travel with oculomotr fibres to ciliary ganglion
Post ganglionic fibres travel in short ciliary nerves to eye

31
Q

What would pressure on the oculomotor nerve cause?

A

Diplopia and ptosis (drooping of eyelids)
Large and unresponsive pupil (no PNS innervation)
Down and out eye

32
Q

What is myopia?

A

Focused image falls short of retina, lens too round

33
Q

What is it called when focused image falls short of retina?

A

Myopia

34
Q

What is hypermetropia?

A

When image is in focus behind retina

Lens is too flat

35
Q

What does the opthalmic nerve supply?

A

Sensory to eyeball, lacrimal gland, conjunctiva, eyelids, forehead and nasal mucosa
Via lacrimal, nasociliary and frontal branches

36
Q

What is the supply of the lacrimal gland?

A

Sensory from opthalmic nerve

Parasympathetic from pterygopalatine ganglion

37
Q

What nerves and muscles are involved in the blink reflex?

A

Sensory efferent from conjunctiva= lacrimal nerve of V1
Brainstem
Obicularis oculi closes eyelids= facial nerve (VII)

38
Q

Describe nasociliary nerve

A

Branch of V1, divides into anterior ethmoidal nerve (ethmoidal sinus) and infratrochlear nerve (skin&mucous membrane of nose and conjunctiva). Also gives off ciliary nerves (sympathetic and sensory to eyeball)

39
Q

What is the blood supply of the retina

A

Central artery= end artery from opthalmic artery

40
Q

Describe route of blood drainage from retina

A

Superior and inferior opthalmic veins-? superior orbital fissure-> cavernous sinus
inferior orbital fissure-> terygid plexus

41
Q

Name the branches of the opthalmic artery

A

Ciliary branches, anterior and posteiror ethmoidal and central artery

42
Q

Which branch of the opthalmic nerve is most medial and which is most lateral?

A

Medial= nasociliary, lateral= lacrimal

NLM2 Anatomy (16 decks)

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