The Oral Environment 2 Flashcards
What are the main salivary proteins?
- Amylase
- Cystatin
- Gustin
- Histatin
- Immunoglobins
- Lactoferrin
- Lactoperoxidase
- Lipase
- Lysozyme
- Mucoproteins
- ‘plasma proteins’
- Proline-rich proteins
- Statherins
What is amylase activated by and what does it require?
- Activated by Cl-
- Requires Ca++
In which salivary gland secretions is amylase present?
In most mucosal gland secretions
What is the role of amylase?
Defence role
Where is lysozyme found in salivary secretions?
Ubiquitous - found everywhere
Is the defence of lysozyme in salivary secretions specific or non-specific?
Non-specific
What is the role of lysozyme in salivary secretions?
Attacks bonds in bacterial cell walls, causing lysis
What is the function of Lactoperoxidase in saliva?
Antibacterial action
What are the functions of cystatins in salivary secretions?
- Inhibit cysteine proteases, especially in bacteria
- Antimicrobial function
What does Gustin contain?
Zinc
Which salivary protein facilitates taste function by activating taste buds?
Gustin
Which salivary protein is a potent PDE 5 activator?
Gustin
PDE 5 is main target for all drugs that treat erectile dysfunction - side effect can be change of taste
Which salivary protein is a histidine-rich protein?
Histatins
What is the function of histatins in saliva?
Antimicrobial
What 2 diseases does histatins in saliva inhibit?
- Candida albicans - fungus that is naturally present in mouth, can eventually take control of mouth if out of control
- Streptococcus mutans - causes caries, has different subtypes and thrives in acidic conditions
Which cells do immunoglobins come from in salivary glands?
Plasma cells
What is the function of immunoglobins in saliva?
Confers specific immunity against bacteria
What is h function of lactoferrin in saliva?
Antibacterial
Where in the mouth does lipase come from?
From von Ebner gland on tongue
What is the function of lipase in saliva?
Hydrolyses triglycerides which assists digestion
What are the functions of mucoproteins in saliva?
- Protective role
- Lubrication
- Component of primary pellicle (protein film that forms on the surface enamel)
- Affects bacterial adhesion
- Promotes bacterial aggression –> easier clearance from mouth
What are the functions of proline-rich proteins in saliva?
- Anti-calculus effect
- Acts as dissuasion barrier
- Decreases mineral loss
- Resists acid attack
- Allows remineralisation
- Regulates bacterial attachment
What is the functions of Statherins in saliva?
Anti-calculus action
What are examples of plasma-derived substances?
- Proteins
- Blood group substances
- Immunoglobins
- Hormones
- Drugs
What are (unconditioned) innate responses of control of salivary secretion?
Something you are born with
What are (conditioned) acquired responses of control of salivary secretion?
Learned
What is an example of an unconditioned mechanical salivary stimuli?
- Pressure on PLD/oral mucosa
What are examples of unconditioned chemical salivary stimuli?
- Gustation - The action of tasting
- Olfaction - Sense of smell
- Common chemical sense
What does ipsilateral mean?
Effector on one side of the body has a response on the same side of the body
What does contralateral mean?
Effector on one side of the body has a response on the opposite side of the body
Where are the gustation receptors on taste buds in the mouth?
- Tongue dorsum
- Palate
- Epiglottis
What are the different gustation potencies and which ones produce more saliva?
Acid > umami = salt > sweet > bitter
Where are the olfaction receptors?
In olfactory epithelium
Is olfaction a weak or strong salivary stimulus in humans?
Weak
What is the common chemical sense mediated by?
- Nociceptors in mucous membranes
- Contributes to the ‘taste’ of spices
What are the learned salivary stimuli responses?
- ‘Psychic’ stimuli (thinking bout food)
- Visual stimuli (looking at food)
- Auditory stimuli (associating a certain sound with food)
- Responses are easily lost if not regularly reinforced
What is the effect of parasympathetic nerves on control of salivation?
- Increases secretion
- Increases blood flow
What is the effect of sympathetic nerves on control of salivation?
- Increases salivation
- Decreases blood flow
Which 2 ions are reabsorbed from the blood in the 2-stage mechanism of salivary secretion?
Na+ and Cl-
Which 2 ions are secreted from the blood in the 2-stage mechanism of salivary secretion?
K+ and HCO3-
What is the 2-stage mechanism of salivary secretion - ductal modification?
- Primary saliva modified as it passes through striated ducts
- Reabsorption of Na+, Cl-
- Secretion of K+, HCO3-
- Final saliva is hypotonic to plasma
- Some proteins secreted by ducts
