The Oral Environment 2

Question 1

What are the main salivary proteins?

Answer 1

• Amylase
• Cystatin
• Gustin
• Histatin
• Immunoglobins
• Lactoferrin
• Lactoperoxidase
• Lipase
• Lysozyme
• Mucoproteins
• ‘plasma proteins’
• Proline-rich proteins
• Statherins

Question 2

What is amylase activated by and what does it require?

Answer 2

• Activated by Cl-

- Requires Ca++

Question 3

In which salivary gland secretions is amylase present?

Answer 3

In most mucosal gland secretions

Question 4

What is the role of amylase?

Answer 4

Defence role

Question 5

Where is lysozyme found in salivary secretions?

Answer 5

Ubiquitous - found everywhere

Question 6

Is the defence of lysozyme in salivary secretions specific or non-specific?

Answer 6

Non-specific

Question 7

What is the role of lysozyme in salivary secretions?

Answer 7

Attacks bonds in bacterial cell walls, causing lysis

Question 8

What is the function of Lactoperoxidase in saliva?

Answer 8

Antibacterial action

Question 9

What are the functions of cystatins in salivary secretions?

Answer 9

• Inhibit cysteine proteases, especially in bacteria

- Antimicrobial function

Question 10

What does Gustin contain?

Answer 10

Zinc

Question 11

Which salivary protein facilitates taste function by activating taste buds?

Answer 11

Gustin

Question 12

Which salivary protein is a potent PDE 5 activator?

Answer 12

Gustin

PDE 5 is main target for all drugs that treat erectile dysfunction - side effect can be change of taste

Question 13

Which salivary protein is a histidine-rich protein?

Answer 13

Histatins

Question 14

What is the function of histatins in saliva?

Answer 14

Antimicrobial

Question 15

What 2 diseases does histatins in saliva inhibit?

Answer 15

• Candida albicans - fungus that is naturally present in mouth, can eventually take control of mouth if out of control
• Streptococcus mutans - causes caries, has different subtypes and thrives in acidic conditions

Question 16

Which cells do immunoglobins come from in salivary glands?

Answer 16

Plasma cells

Question 17

What is the function of immunoglobins in saliva?

Answer 17

Confers specific immunity against bacteria

Question 18

What is h function of lactoferrin in saliva?

Answer 18

Antibacterial

Question 19

Where in the mouth does lipase come from?

Answer 19

From von Ebner gland on tongue

Question 20

What is the function of lipase in saliva?

Answer 20

Hydrolyses triglycerides which assists digestion

Question 21

What are the functions of mucoproteins in saliva?

Answer 21

• Protective role
• Lubrication
• Component of primary pellicle (protein film that forms on the surface enamel)
• Affects bacterial adhesion
• Promotes bacterial aggression –> easier clearance from mouth

Question 22

What are the functions of proline-rich proteins in saliva?

Answer 22

• Anti-calculus effect
• Acts as dissuasion barrier
• Decreases mineral loss
• Resists acid attack
• Allows remineralisation
• Regulates bacterial attachment

Question 23

What is the functions of Statherins in saliva?

Answer 23

Anti-calculus action

Question 24

What are examples of plasma-derived substances?

Answer 24

• Proteins
• Blood group substances
• Immunoglobins
• Hormones
• Drugs

Question 25

What are (unconditioned) innate responses of control of salivary secretion?

Answer 25

Something you are born with

Question 26

What are (conditioned) acquired responses of control of salivary secretion?

Answer 26

Learned

Question 27

What is an example of an unconditioned mechanical salivary stimuli?

Answer 27

- Pressure on PLD/oral mucosa

Question 28

What are examples of unconditioned chemical salivary stimuli?

Answer 28

- Gustation - The action of tasting - Olfaction - Sense of smell - Common chemical sense

Question 29

What does ipsilateral mean?

Answer 29

Effector on one side of the body has a response on the same side of the body

Question 30

What does contralateral mean?

Answer 30

Effector on one side of the body has a response on the opposite side of the body

Question 31

Where are the gustation receptors on taste buds in the mouth?

Answer 31

- Tongue dorsum - Palate - Epiglottis

Question 32

What are the different gustation potencies and which ones produce more saliva?

Answer 32

Acid > umami = salt > sweet > bitter

Question 33

Where are the olfaction receptors?

Answer 33

In olfactory epithelium

Question 34

Is olfaction a weak or strong salivary stimulus in humans?

Answer 34

Weak

Question 35

What is the common chemical sense mediated by?

Answer 35

- Nociceptors in mucous membranes | - Contributes to the 'taste' of spices

Question 36

What are the learned salivary stimuli responses?

Answer 36

- 'Psychic' stimuli (thinking bout food) - Visual stimuli (looking at food) - Auditory stimuli (associating a certain sound with food) - Responses are easily lost if not regularly reinforced

Question 37

What is the effect of parasympathetic nerves on control of salivation?

Answer 37

- Increases secretion | - Increases blood flow

Question 38

What is the effect of sympathetic nerves on control of salivation?

Answer 38

- Increases salivation | - Decreases blood flow

Question 39

Which 2 ions are reabsorbed from the blood in the 2-stage mechanism of salivary secretion?

Answer 39

Na+ and Cl-

Question 40

Which 2 ions are secreted from the blood in the 2-stage mechanism of salivary secretion?

Answer 40

K+ and HCO3-

Question 41

What is the 2-stage mechanism of salivary secretion - ductal modification?

Answer 41

- Primary saliva modified as it passes through striated ducts - Reabsorption of Na+, Cl- - Secretion of K+, HCO3- - Final saliva is hypotonic to plasma - Some proteins secreted by ducts