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BDS1 Oral Biology > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens in the first week of embryology?

A
  • Ovulation
  • Fertilisation
  • Implantation
    (no time scale)
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2
Q

What is ovulation?

A
  • Egg released from ovaries and travels through fallopian tube
  • Uterus prepares to receive egg - wall thickens
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3
Q

What is implantation?

A
  • Fertilised egg attaches to wall of uterus
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4
Q

What is a fertilised ovum called?

A

Zygote

Your’e a zygote

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5
Q

What is a morula?

A

Lump/clump of cells

Lump Clump Bump Dump

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6
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

A hollow ball of cells:
- Inner cell mass
- Trophoblast
(Like Georgie’s heart) JK

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7
Q

What is a trophoblast?

A

A layer of tissue on the outside of a mammalian blastula, supplying the embryo with nourishment and later forming the major part of the placenta
(AKA LP)

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8
Q

What is the placenta?

A

A system that will organise the transport of nutrients to developing embryo and remove the waste from is
- At the beginning of implantation there is an organisation to help the embryo establish the placenta
(A yucky thing)

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9
Q

Explain the exchange of nutrients through the barrier between the baby’s blood and the mothers blood?

A
  • The babies blood is replenished from the mothers blood
  • The circulations do not mix. They are separated by a thin barrier
  • The barrier is permeable to most molecules, but not cells
    (How was coffee?)
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10
Q

At approximately 10-12 days, the implanted trophoblast contains an embryo, which has 2 cell layers. What are the names of these layers?

A
  • Epiblast
  • Hypoblast
    (Abbyblast)
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11
Q

What does the epiblast give rise to?

A

The embryonic ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

Or does it ;)

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12
Q

What does the hypoderm give rise to?

A

Participates in the formation of endoderm and extraembryonic mesoderm
(What kind of a word is mesoderm LOL)

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13
Q

What is meant by the term ‘gastrulation’?

A
  • Means the formation of gut, but now has a more broad sense to describe the formation of the trilaminar embryo. The epiblast layer, consisting of totipotent cells, derives all 3 embryo layers; ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. The primitive streak is the visible feature which represents the site of cell migration to form additional layers
    (or does it mean farting?)
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14
Q

What is the bilaminar embryo?

A
  • It is a disk
  • It has no distinct orientation or axis
    (Do u have a distinct orientation and axis?)
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15
Q

What happens during gastrulation?

A

The embryo develops:

  • An axis
  • The three embrionic cell layers
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16
Q

What is the key stage of formation during gastrulation?

A

The formation of a groove: the primitive streak

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17
Q

What is the primitive streak?

A
  • Some ectodermal cells are induced to differentiate and migrate through the primitive streak, towards the hypoblast
  • These new cells are the mesoderm
  • A ‘not so clear’ interaction between the newly formed mesoderm and the hypoblast will form the endoderm
18
Q

During what weeks do the major organs develop?

A
  • 3-8 weeks
  • They develop from the 3 basic germ cell layers
  • This is ‘organogenesis’
19
Q

Give an example of one of the first organs to be formed during organogenesis?

A

The CNS

20
Q

What is present at 19-20 days?

A
  • The neural groove is evident and some muscles are present
21
Q

What is a disease caused by the developmental defect of the neural tube?

A

Spina bifida

22
Q

What is mesenchyme?

A

A loosely organised, mainly mesodermal embryonic tissue which develops into connective and skeletal tissues, including blood and lymph

23
Q

What is the neural crest derived from?

A

The ectoderm, but has the characteristics of mesenchyme

- This is very important in the development of the head

24
Q

What is meant by the ‘trilaminar’ embryo?

A

The front and back ends begin to fold under the middle

25
Q

At around how many days does the embryo fold round the yolk sac, and some important organs appear?

A

Around 25 days

26
Q

When is the embryo then called a foetus?

A

From 9 weeks onwards

27
Q

What are stem cells?

A
  • Unspecialised cells that can develop into more specialised cells
28
Q

What is a totipotent stem cell?

A
  • Can differentiate into anything
29
Q

What is a pluripotent stem cell?

A
  • Can produce any organ from a specialised group
30
Q

What are embryonic stem cells?

A
  • Inner cell mass (totipotent)

- Cells in the 3 germ layers are more restricted in potential (pluripotent)

31
Q

What are adult stem cells?

A

Generally committed cell lines e.g. bone marrow stem cells

32
Q

What does stem cell development involve?

A

Genes and various signalling molecules

33
Q

What are the 3 primary embryonic layers?

A
  • Ectoderm - outer covering
  • Mesoderm - middle
  • Endoderm - Inner lining
34
Q

What does the ectoderm produce?

A
  • Skin
  • Mucous membranes of mouth and anus
  • Brain, spinal cord
  • TOOTH ENAMEL
35
Q

What does the mesoderm produce?

A
  • Most connective tissues
  • Dermis, tendons, cartilage, bone
  • Muscle (most)
  • Blood vessels
  • Kidney and urinary system
  • Reproductive system
  • Serous membranes
36
Q

What does the endoderm produce?

A
  • Alimentary canal
  • Respiratory system
  • Parts of the urogenital system
37
Q

What is the name of the fourth layer of the embryo?

A

Ectomesenchyme

38
Q

What does the Ectomesenchyme give rise to?

A
  • Most of the PNS: sensory and autonomic
  • Melanocytes in skin
  • Adrenal medulla
  • Most of the mesenchyme in the head
  • muscles, connective tissues, most dental and periodontal tissues - EXCEPT ENAMEL
  • Dentine, cementum, pulp, periodontal ligament, jaw bones
39
Q

When do developmental abnormalities occur?

A

During ‘critical’ or ‘sensitive’ periods during development

40
Q

What occurs if there is a developmental abnormality in the first 2 weeks of pregnancy?

A

Spontaneous abortion

41
Q

what happens if there is a developmental abnormality in weeks 3-12 (first trimester) of pregnancy?

A
  • Period of greatest sensitivity

- Most developmental defects occur during this period

42
Q

What ‘period’ is weeks 13-39 of pregnancy?

A

The period of functional maturity

P.s. Leanne smells LOL

BDS1 Oral Biology (11 decks)

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