the normans Flashcards

Question

where were castles built

Answer 1

Welsh border (marshlands) Colchester tower of London

Answer 2

high ground defending important route easy access to resources natural defense advantage (near rivers)

Answer 3

in 1066, after the battle of Hastings, they led a rebellion in London. They were supported by A-S in London. There was no serious threat, and soon put down by Normans. Edwin and Morcar were allowed to keep their land, however were forced to swear an oath of loyalty to William

Answer 4

an Attack in 1069 reached Cheshire and Staffordshire, however William later led troops to defeat them

Answer 5

Norman earls were unhappy with their loss of land, privileges and power so plotted to split the country and was encouraged by the king of France involved senior Norman figures this was a serious threat however William let bishop Odo and Lanfranc crush the rebellion

Answer 6

He was angry that William had confiscated land from his Father and killed his brother. He had support of King Swegn of Denmark and Morcar ( Edwin had been killed). His men fought in small groups and hid to take the enemy by surprise.

Answer 7

William ordered 2 mile bridge to be built to cross the marshland - this failed because the weight of the Normans caused the bridge to collapse William built a siege tower and found a local to shout curses at the rebels, but Hereward set the tower on fire William convinced monks at Ely abbey to reveal a secret passageway to Hereward's base - William reached the abbey and arrested the rebels including Morcar but Hereward escaped

Answer 8

terror - scaring people Military presence through castles and soldiers patronage - giving land in exchange for loyalty in return concessions - compromising what opponents wanted continuity of English laws and traditions

Answer 9

Edwin, Morcar and Edgar the Aetheling fled North, with Edgar making a claim to the throne King Malcolm who had recently married Edgars sister, gave support to Edgar, who was becoming a powerful rival of William In Jan 1069 a Norman earl was killed and the bishop of Durhams house was set on fire Edgar attacked the city of York in the Summer, 240 Danish Viking ships invaded North of England and joined Edgars army This army took over control of York castle and defeated Norman army in York

Answer 10

brutal response paid Vikings to return to Denmark and English leaders fled William was determined to teach those in the north a lesson so laid waste around huge areas of the North, ordered the slaughter of all livestock, burning of crops, and made sure future crops can' t grow

Answer 11

farmers immediately lost income, peasants starved In the doomsday book (1086, 17 years later) it was declared 80% of land was waste - meaning it was unpopulated and unfit for farming, probably due to Williams actions No trouble in the North thereafter

Answer 12

aged 59 died in 1087

Answer 13

Robert Curthouse William Rufus Henry Robert and William rufus had poor relationships

Answer 14

William had made Robert Duke of Normandy. He said that Normandy was truly wrecked and that Robert was proud and silly. Therefore he made his second son, William rufus king. This caused tensions between Rufus and Robert because he had hoped to rule Normandy and England

Answer 15

1087 - crowned King in Canterbury cathedral by Archbishop Lanfranc 1088 - rebellions from Bishop Odo and other Norman barons who held a lot of land 1091 - William rufus travels to Normandy to challenge Robert 1096 - Robert joined the first crusades - a series of religious wars which kept him out of England 1100 - Rufus was killed in a hunting accident - did Henry plot this? accounts of his death are contradictory but Henry was quick to claim the throne which raises suspicion, however hunting accidents were common

Answer 16

1100 - crowned King 1101 - reached an agreement with Robert that they won't interfere with each other 1105 - Henry attacked Normandy 1106 - Henry defeated Robert 1107 - Henry ruled Normandy like his father and the Norman conquest remained in tact

Answer 17

King Earls - given land by the King in return for support from the King. They gave their land to their supporters (thegns) 4 in 1000, 6 in 1066 Thegns - over 4000 who looked after land for the earls and payed the earls peasants (ceorls & freemen) - worked for thegns 2-3 days a week and payed taxes to them peasants - not free, had few rights slaves - fewest rights

Answer 18

King - owned 20% much less than Edward barons and bishops - granted large areas of land, in return swore loyalty to the King and paid him homage, they granted land to some of their supporters Knights - promised to be loyal to their baron/ bishop in return for land, served in the army and granted some land to peasants who lived on their land peasants (freemen) obey the lord in return for their land peasants (villeins, cottars, bordars) slaves - 10% of population by 1086 however rapidly declined due to disapproval of the church and expensive

Answer 19

both hierarchal land ownership based on loyalty military service required under both systems peasants worked the land for noble

Answer 20

Edward owned most the land whereas William only owned 20% only 6 major earls under Edward - 200 barons/ bishops under William under Edward thegns paid money to earls whereas knights only swore loyalty to their baron/ bishop slaves worked for freemen under Edward, slavery declines after 1086

Answer 21

initially allowed most A-S to keep their land however areas not owned by an earl were given to Normans. Gradually, as A-S earls died or rebelled they were replaced with Normans by 1076 only 2 earldoms were held by A-S

Answer 22

provided - power and control, a strong military and wealth for William

Answer 23

military service was required by similar categories of people - e.g Earls - Barons and bishops thegns - knights

Answer 24

patronage - land, titles or power given to ensure an individuals support homage - the act of showing submission (acceptance) before a lord to show loyalty under oath scutage - tax paid to the monarch instead of service subinfeudation - splitting of a land land with a social inferior by a lord who expects homage in return

Answer 25

who lived where and what property the overall value of each mans property, including livestock what taxes were avoided during during time of Edward the confessor who held power where

Answer 26

to collect taxes accurately, to ensure William gets as much money as possible to make sure feudal lords were hiding wealth which could have been a threat to William to record and settle arguments about land after the invasion to make it clear all land was held under the permission of the King

Answer 27

The King and his family owned 20% of the land Church held 25% of the land around 10 Norman lords held 25% of the land 170 others held the remaining 30% of the land overall the land was held by 250 people similar situation to Edward the confessors time technically the King owned all the land

Answer 28

how land holding had changed under Williams reign total population between 1.5-2 million around 10,000 Norman settler's in total 2000 knights

Answer 29

had the power to arrest, break up fights and prevent fires. Held the key to the stocks - a punishment for minor offences

Answer 30

tried to make sure people kept curfew - staying indoors at night time.

Answer 31

everyone had the duty of raising an alarm - the hue and cry if they witnessed a crime taking place. Everyone who heard this alarm had to help catch the suspect and anyone who ignored it would be fined

Answer 32

a group of 10-12 freemen who promised to prevent each other from committing crime. If one of them did the rest of the group had to reveal the guilty one or risk the whole group being punished.

Answer 33

a fine which if any Norman was murdered, the entire surrounding area where the criminal lived would be fined. This helped prevent A-S rebellions but also provided valuable income for the King.

Answer 34

ordeal system: ordeal by fire - seeing if fire wound was heal ordeal by water - strapping someone to a chair in a lake ordeal by combat Judged by God

Answer 35

if accused was found innocent, accuser was punished by paying compensation to the King and the accused offender pay compensation to victim, stocks, fines hanging or physical mutilation for serious crimes

Answer 36

Kings court Shire court Hondorial / lords court Manor court Hundred court Murdrum court

Answer 37

most courts stocks Hue and cry ordeal by fire and water mutilation

Answer 38

Hondurial courts Murdrum courts Murdrum fine primogeniture (eldest son inherits) laws recorded in Latin, not English forest laws for people Hunting on Williams land

Answer 39

freemen had to carry out extra days of unpaid work for the lord

Answer 40

peasants who paid rent for their land

Answer 41

worked on lords land for no pay. Had no freedom and could not leave the village. Granted some land to farm themselves

Answer 42

poorer villeins

Answer 43

increased rent and taxes most money raised was spent in Normandy almost all English landowners had land taken away - led to poverty for some Harrying of the North caused great destruction - York was sacked Homes were destroyed for the building of castles a lot of effort and money spent on Cathedrals and castle building which used forced labour dramatic decline of freedom, most freemen descended into villeins

Answer 44

increased security - no threat of invasion trade flourished A more European look due to increased links between England and mainland Europe, England exported more raw materials William brought wealthy Jewish people to help manage finances and played a big part in boosting the economy

Answer 45

spring - sowing seeds summer - harvesting crops autumn - plowing seeds winter - surviving

Answer 46

a cruck house was a peasants' house. Floor was compacting mud, sometimes covered in straw. Animals were kept inside for safety and warmth. One room with walls made from wattle and daub

Answer 47

a law which prevented cutting down trees, hunting on the Kings land, and forbidding hunting many animals which previously were. This was disliked by the A-S

Answer 48

houses built closely together, living conditions were cramped. Castles built in the centre which became centres of trade, other towns had cathedrals instead and some had both Burgesses were important figures in towns, they had the right to buy and sell property but owed taxes and services to the local lord.

Answer 49

Between 1066 and 1100, 21 new towns emerged, we know this as a result of the doomsday survey Norman nobles encouraged towns, particularly in the south to grow as a way of developing foreign trade. After the invasion, existing towns grew in importance as administrative or religious centres.

Answer 50

towns near ports, river crossings, major cross roads grew due to natural resources and transport trade grew so towns were needed to provide access for trading

Answer 51

initially William tried to keep A-S landowners William kept most of the A-S financial system church continued to use latin

Answer 52

soon replaced rebellious A-S nobles with Normans split Earldoms up knights replaced theigns castles were built to protect status of new Norman lords from the A-S population castles became centres of trade French became the language of the aristocracy English and Norman language began to create a new English-Norman language

Answer 53

life changed very little punishment remained similar continue to speak English

Answer 54

new laws such as forest laws, murdrum fine, primogeniture size of castles would have been intimidating land was seized for clearances to build castles gradually some Norman words began to be used in everyday life

Answer 55

William said the church was guilty of several corrupt practices: pluralism - different people holding more than one role William argued they couldn't effectively fulfill either role Simony - church roles were given to the highest bidder nepotism - church positions were given to family/ friends not the best candidate non - celibacy - members in the church going against celibacy (monks not allowed to have sexual relationships

Answer 56

Stigand - archbishop of Canterbury was guilty of pluralism and simony he was extremely wealthy and ignored calls from the pope to reform the church

Answer 57

genuinely religious wanted popes support wated to ensure the church wouldn't challenge his rule

Answer 58

replaced A-S clergy (church hierarchy) with Normans initially stole churches treasure and land for wealth William was able to interfere to allow bishop Odo (William's half brother) to be tried in a king's court instead of church court

Answer 59

built cathedrals in Romanesque style clergy to be tied in special church courts peters pence - a tax which everyone had to pay to the pope

Answer 60

Normans used a Romanesque structure to build cathedrals England was wealthy meaning they covered the cost to build them however forced labour also helped

Answer 61

displayed Normans power and prestige and showed a symbol that God followed and supported the Normans i.e a Norman piece of propaganda prevented as many rebellions

Answer 62

Good relationship both wanted to reform the English church pope blessed William's invasion 1066 Pope wanted to get of incompetent bishops while William was happy to replace Saxon Bishops with Normans Pope Gregory believed he should have authority over Kings. Peters pence was a 1p tax everyone had to pay to the pope however William did not want the pope to interfere with Williams ruling

Answer 63

Pope Gregory wanted to control all senior church across Europe however William II opposed this As a result of this policy Gregory was forced out of papacy His successor was Urban II, relations between William II were shaky but Urban agreed not to interfere

Answer 64

Much more supportive of the Church than William II Condemned simony and banned marriage for the clergy supported popes reform policy however a falling out later destroyed relations

Answer 65

never married, no children - was probably homosexual lifestyle and exploitation of the church lead to conflict

Answer 66

reintroduced it (buying places in the church)

Answer 67

to be close to God (and to get to heaven) to escape temptations and harsh realities of life had the duties of: producing food, copy holy texts, tend to the sick, study Holy books etc

Answer 68

centres of medical care help people get to heaven giving alms to the poor

Answer 69

new monasteries and abbeys built Abbots were land owners but also had to provide for knights Ensured Benedictine's rules were being kept through the cluniac order

Answer 70

a well known Saxon saint his relics were housed at a Saxon church, which land got replaced by Durham Cathedral The Benedictine monks respected St Cuthbert very much, who took over Durham By putting the relics in Durham Cathedral it showed Norman continuity and respect towards the Saxons it also generated money from the pilgrims who went to see St Benedict shrine

Answer 71

Romanesque style large windows showed wealth high ground meant it could be seen for miles around Amazing structure showed that the Normans had the support of God Shows Norman power, intimidates the Anglo Saxons and reduces chances of rebellions gave a sense of awe and wonder use of a pointed arch - gave greater height and more light shows Norman wealth

Answer 72

William had to be in the South and Normandy majority of the time so couldn't fully focus on the North which was easy access to both the Scots and the vikings however the location meant that to get into England would be very difficult to avoid Durham cathedral this left the North vulnerable to attack Durham cathedral acted as a military stronghold which when under attack could be used as a military base the surrounding location acted as a natural defense built on the bend of the river Wear river provided steep riverbanks - difficult to climb Bishops were given extensive powers to raise an army and taxes to help control the North military power reflected threw the architecture - intimidation Bishops were Norman from 1071 onwards, helped William keep control

Answer 73

contained St Cuthbert's relics, previously kept at Lindisfarne but had to be moved due to viking raids Durham cathedral became a place of pilgrimage and Durham was necessary to keep hold of these relics. Romanesque style building showed Christian power, a symbol that God was on the Norman's side showed Norman's were supported by the church, so those who follow God should approve respect and obey the Normans Bishop of Northumberland was on William's side because of this Showed Normans religious influence

Answer 74

religious/ spiritual administrative political/ power

Answer 75

An administrative centre for the north of England. Stimulated local economy. centre of diocese (church power) that controlled surrounding churches in the area. Prince bishop as landholder collected taxes/ tithes giving the King a secure base. Place of refuge. security.