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conflict and tension Flashcards

1
Q

what happened at the Paris peace conference

A

Jan 1919 32 countries met in palace of Versailles to decide terms of the treaty also included the planned formation of the league of nations, which formed in January 1920

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2
Q

which countries were the big 3

A

France - Georges Clemenceau
USA - Woodrow Wilson
Britain - David Lloyd George

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3
Q

what were France’s aims of punishments for Germany

A

Pay reparations to repair War damage
Wanted revenge
weaken Germany so it could never attack again
wanted to push back border to the Rhine so that felt more safe

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4
Q

what were Britain’s aims of punishments for Germany

A

wanted a cautious approach, wanted Germany to be punished but didn’t want Germany to revenge
wanted Germany strong for trade links and to act as a buffer against communism
aimed to gain German colonies and add to the British empire
wanted Naval supremacy by reducing Germany’s navy

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5
Q

what were USAs aims of punishments for Germany

A

wanted fair peace so Germany wouldn’t seek revenge
proposed the 14 points, including the league of nations and self determination
US public wanted nothing to do with Europe

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6
Q

what were the terms of the TofV

A

war guilt clause, reparations, Navy restrictions, Anschluss forbidden, 6 battle ships, LofN formed but Germany banned, no submarines tanks or air force, Danzig taken from Germany, army limited, Germany split by Polish corridor, conscription forbidden, Saar given to LofN, demilitarisation of the Rhineland, Germanys colonies given to LofN

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7
Q

what was the amount of reparations

A

6,600 million pounds

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8
Q

what was Germanys military limited to

A

Navy - 15,000 men 1500 officers
army - 100,000

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9
Q

how did Clemenceau react to the TofV

A

Pleased about France getting the Alsace-Lorraine and Germany not having any troops in the Rhineland
unhappy about reparations, thought Germany should pay more, Germany being allowed an army and Rhineland not being completely taken away

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10
Q

how did David Lloyd George react to the TofV

A

pleased about Britain’s naval supremacy over Germany and British empire receiving more colonies
unhappy about the harsh reperations which would mean Britain would lose trade with Germany and the threat of future war due to Germany’s anger

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11
Q

how did Woodrow Wilson react to the TofV

A

pleased about the creation of the TofV
unhappy about fourteen points being ignored and the harshness of the treaty

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12
Q

how did Britain react at home to the TofV

A

Generally thought treaty was fair, could have been harsher
Lloyd George was hailed a hero - said to never be threatened by Germany again

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13
Q

how did France react at home to the TofV

A

people were furious due to being nowhere near harsh enough, believed Germany should suffer the same way France did in the war
People felt Clemenceau hadn’t done enough to get revenge on Germany, he was voted out next election

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14
Q

how did USA react at home to the TofV

A

weren’t too involved with war so didn’t want same revenge as Britain and France
many felt it was too harsh, including Wilson
Senate enforced isolationism policy so weren’t allowed to join LofN

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15
Q

how did Germans react to the TofV

A

war guilt clause was hated
felt backstabbed by November criminals after being told they were winning the war
starving due to lack of trade
uncertainty over Germany’s ruling
felt vulnerable without an army
13% land lost
Diktat - treaty was a dictated peace

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16
Q

what impacts did the TofV have on Germany

A

kapp putsch - an attempted revoloution
1921 - reperation 6,600 million
1923 - hyperinflation
1924 - USA loans Germany 800 million marks

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17
Q

what were the aims of the TofV

A

to get countries to collaborate to prevent future war
encourage disarmament
improve working and living conditions
tackle disease

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18
Q

why weren’t Germany and Russia allowed to join initially - and when did they join eventually

A

Germany and it’s allies weren’t allowed to join due to loss of the war.
Russia wasn’t allowed to join because they were communists
eventually Germany joined in 1925 after signing the locarno pact
Russia joined in 1934

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19
Q

how did the league of nations deal with aggression through the covanent

A

the four m’s
mitigation
moral condemnation
money (economic sanctions)
military force

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20
Q

what was the structure of the league

A

the assembly
council, court, Secretariat
special commisions

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21
Q

what was the assembly

A

international parliament
one representative from each country met once a year to vote on decisions and issues, but decisions had to be unanimous

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22
Q

what was the council

A

met more frequently than the council
consisted of four permanent members, Italy, Britain, Japan, France and four other members who were elected each year
the council could veto (undo) any decisions made by assembly

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23
Q

what was the permanent court of justice

A

international court of law that could give hearings and advise the parties involved

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24
Q

what was the secreteriat

A

in charge of administration of the league - arranging any action that league wanted to take

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25
what were the special commisions
special group which were formed to take specific issues, such as the health organisation
26
what were weaknesses of the league
the league did not have it's own army, instead relied on members military No USA decisions had to be unanimous
27
what was the international labour organisation was the league successful?
aimed to improve working conditions in 1920s Japanese railway workers fatality rate dropped from other 50% to 4% in 1919 most members of the league refused to stop letting children under age of 14 working as it was too expensive
28
what was the commissions for refugees was the league successful?
aimed to help those who lost their homes because of war helped free 427,000 of 500,000 prisoners of war from WW1 during 1930s, failed to set Jews free
29
what was the slavery commision was the league successful?
aim to help free slaves during 1920s they set 200,000 slaves free
30
what was the economical and financial commities was the league successful?
aim - to improve living conditions sent financial advisers to help Austria and Hungary to help rebuild economy in 1921 unable to cope with depression after 1929
31
what was the organisation for communication and transport was the league successful?
aim - to help countries work together introduced shipping lanes and an international highway code
32
what was the health organisation was the league successful?
aim to cure disease sent doctors to help in Turkish refugee camps
33
what was the permeant central opium board was the league successful?
aim - to tackle trade of illegal drugs blacklisted 4 large companies responsible for drug trade some countries didn't want to stop trade as it gained money for them
34
what were at least 3 works of the leagues agencies
permeant central opium board health organisation slavery commission organisation for communication and transport international labour organisation commission for refugees economical and financial comities
35
how did the league contribute to the Aaland islands what was the Aaland island dispute
Sweden and Finland both claimed. League gave islands to Finland but forbid them building forts on them Success
36
how did the league contribute to the Upper SIlesia what was the Upper Silesia dispute
a plebiscite was held to decide who claimed Upper Silesia, Poland or Germany Germany won with 60% but Poland claimed it was fixed League split the land according to the vote Poland complained that Poland had half the population but only 1/3 of the land Germany complained that Poland gained all the industrial areas However both countries (grudgingly) agreed Failure and Success
37
how did the league contribute to the Vilna what was the Vilna dispute
Vilna, capital of Lithuania a newly formed country which was formed with many Polish living there. Poland invaded and Lithuania asked for help but the league didn't help as Poland were a strong ally against Germany Failure
38
how did the league contribute to the Bulgaria dispute what was the Bulgaria dispute
Greek invaded Bulgaria after 3 Greek soldiers were murdered on the border. The league forced Greek to withdraw and pay compensation However this was seen as very hypocritical due to similar situation in Corfu due to avoiding Mussolini
39
how did the league contribute to the Corfu crisis what was the Corfu dispute
An Italian general and his team were murdered when surveying land in Greece. Mussolini demanded compensation and murderers to be executed but Greece didn't know who the murderers were. The league condemned Mussolini but he complained, undermining the league. Greece was forced to apologise. This showed the league could not enforce justice on a more powerful leader and could easily be ignored and bullied
40
what was the Locarno treaty
France and Germany agreed to work peacefully in 1925, Locarno Switzerland. Other countries like Britain and Italy made agreements not to go to war if one country broke a treaty, the other countries would support invaded country
41
why wasn't the League involved in the Locarno treaties why is the Treaty significant
league wasn't involved because Germany suggested treaties, who weren't part of the league significant because: Germany was accepting TofV relationships between countries were improving League should have been involved in such an important agreement
42
what was the Locarno Treaty why wasn't the league involved why is this treaty significant
65 countries including France, Germany and the USA in Paris, 1928 countries agreed war would not be used to solve disputes League wasn't involved as Germany and USA the fact league wasn't involved made it look like treaty was a place to talk, not for soloutions
43
what was the Washington arms conference and why wasn't the league involved
many countries like USA, Britain, France and Japan agreed maximum size of their navies league was not pushing for disarmament
44
what was the Rappolo treaty and why wasn't the league involved
agreement that Germany and Russia would work together league was not involved as Germany and Russia not part of league
45
what was the events of the Manchurian crisis
Mukden incident in south Manchuria on Japanese railway Japanese army disobeyed orders to not invade Manchuria - soon Manchuria was ruled by a puppet leader China appealed to league who were reluctant to act but issued moral condemnation Japan ignored the league
46
what was the Lytton report
league sent Lytton to investigate Manchurian crisis, but took a year to write report by which time Japan had already invaded. Lytton concluded Japan were in the wrong but Japan just ignored and left the league and carried on gaining Chinese territory from 1933-37
47
what were the causes of the Manchurian crisis
1929 wall street crash triggered great depression which hit Japan hard as people could no longer afford Japans main export - silk this made Japan more militaristic and looked for land to invade Manchuria was rich in natural resources and Japan already had industry and railway there so was ideal to invade
48
how did the Manchurian crisis affect the league
most people continued to have faith in the league - if the crisis was closer the league would've taken action however Militaristic countries like Germany and Italy realised how powerless the league were
49
why did the league fail over the Manchurian crisis
Lytton report took to long great depression meant countries weren't willing to issue economic sanctions Asa was far away members unwilling to take action because of expense and unpopular amongst the population
50
why did Mussolini want to invade Abyssinia
wanted to rebuild Roman empire Abyssinia had lots of natural resources which was useful during the depression In 1896 Italy had already tried to invade but lost, humiliated by small country and Mussolini wanted revenge confident league wouldn't intervene due to Corfu crisis Agreement between Italy, France and Britain, the Stresa front meant Mussolini didn't think Britain and France would break this agreement
51
what were the events of the Abyssinian crisis
December 1934 - Italian and Abyssinian troops met at Italian Somaliland border January 1935 - French foreign minister made a secret agreement with Italy that France wouldn't intervene 30 June 1935 - Hailie Selassie asked league for help, who still did nothing October 1935 - Italian troops invaded, League condemned Mussolini who was careless 5 May 1936 - Italian troops entered the capital September 1937 - Italy left LofN
52
why did the league fail over the Abyssinian crisis
Britain and France didn't close the Suez canal which would have made it difficult for Mussolini to put troops into Abyssinia lack of trade sanctions as members didn't want to further damage their economies Hoare Laval pact
53
what was the Hoare Laval pact and it's concequences
secret agreement suggested by British and French foreign ministers to give Italy the land. Pact was leaked by the press and there was public outrage. It proved leading members were willing to undermine the league for self interest.
54
what were the consequences for the league after the Abyssinian crisis
Hoare Laval pact small countries realised league would do nothing to protect them league no longer seen as powerful
55
what were the different reasons for the downfall of the league
the depression - can be seen to cause the two crisis' due to lack of trade sanctions league was powerless without an army league lacked world power Britain and France dominated the league, to much self interest
56
what were Hitlers name (remember acronym)
Louder Lebensraum Overturn Versailles Unite German speaking (volksdeutche) DEstroy communism Rearmement
57
how did Britain and France react to Hitlers aims
Let Hitler break the terms of the treaty because: needed time to rearm and prepare for war many British thought terms were to harsh anyway concerned about USSR and Germany useful ally against communism countries couldn't afford to go to war and didn't want a repeat of WW1 followed appeasment
58
how did USSR react to Hitler's aims
Stalin concerned about Hitlers determination to destroy communism Signed mutual agreement with Britain and France
59
how did USA react to Hitlers aims
USA followed isolationism, poll said 70% of Americans would not get involved in future European war
60
what happened at the disarmament conference and what was the reaction
In 1933 the LofN held this conference. Hitler said he'd disarm if everyone else did, if not he will disarm to the same extent of France. France refused and Hitler stormed out and left the LofN Very little the allies could do. Hitler claimed he was being reasonable and it was France who were being unreasonable
61
what was the Dollfuss affair and what was the reaction
Fearful that Germany was going to unite Austria and Germany through Anschluss, Dollfuss (Austrian chancellor) banned the Nazi party. Hitler ordered the Nazi's to cause havoc and they murdered Dollfuss Mussolini moved his army to the Austrian border in support of Austria. Hitler wasn't ready so backed down
62
what was the Saar plebiscite
under TofV Germany had lost the Saarland to France. IN 1935 plebiscite took place - 90% voted Germany Hitler gained valuable natural resources and there was nothing anyone could do as the plebiscite was fair and legal
63
how did Hitler rearm and what were the reactions
Hitler held a rally, announcing rearmament and conscription and the development of the Luftwaffe - air force Britain, France and Italy signed Stresa front in response against Hitler
64
what was the Anglo-German naval agreement
an agreement that Germany could have 35% of Britain's navy size. This made Hitler realise Britain were willing to break the TofV
65
why did Hitler rearm the Rhineland
He wanted to take Lebensraum in Eastern Europe and he knew France and Britain were likely to invade if they did so he had to protect his western borders
66
what was Hitler's big risk when remilitarising the Rhineland
German army wasn't strong enough to fight Britain or France huge fines which Germany couldn't afford if his plan failed
67
why didn't Britain stop Hitler remilitarising the Rhineland
had own problems a home due to the depression many said Hitler was simply marching into his own backyard preoccupied by Abyssinian crisis
68
why didn't France stop Hitler remilitarising the Rhine
politicians preoccupied by general election troops in Tunisia on standby for Abyssinian crisis thought German army was bigger than it was`
69
why was the remilitarisation of the Rhine so significant
Britain and France rearming showed war getting closer French priority's changed to protecting their own borders over others Hitler gained confidence over breaking TofV Hitler showed power through anti-Comintern pact with Japan and Rome-Berlin axis with Mussolini
70
why did Hitler want to do Anschluss
Germany had ruled Austria for 600 years previously to the TofV, which forbid it Anschluss came under two of Hitlers foreign policies - volkdeutche and destroying TofV
71
what was the Dolfuss affair
in 1938 - Austrian Nazi's planned to remove new chancellor Schuschnigg however police intervened and Nazi's were imprisoned however Schuschnigg still felt vulnerable. He met with Hitler and agreed to give key political positions i return for Hitlers support. Hitler's puppet, Seys-Inquart was appointed in charge of the police. He now had full control and turned a blind eye to Nazi terrorist attacks Schuschnigg planned a plebicite to prove no one wanted Hitler in charge however Hitler demanded this was delayed and forced Schuschnigg to resign Hitler made seys-inquart chancellor who declared Austria in a state of chaos - asking Hitler for help. On 12 march Nazi's marched into Austria, welcomed. 10 April a plebiscite took place in which Nazi's won 99% of the vote
72
How did Austria react to Anschluss
99 % of the vote however were very under pressure
73
How did Czechoslovakia react to Anschluss
Czech feared that lebensraum meant Czech were next. Britain and France promised they'd protect Czechoslovakia
74
How did France react to Anschluss
two days before the invasion government had resigned so no place to get involved
75
How did Britain react to Anschluss
some though TofV was too harsh and Germany and Austria were basically the same country anyway
76
How did Germany react to Anschluss
Hitler used Anschluss as a great propaganda victory - Germans were delighted to see Hitler achieving his aims of making Germany great again
77
why did Hitler want the Sudetenland
Lebensraum Czechoslovakia had been created after WW1 so part of Hitler's aim to destroy TofV Good defences in Sudetenland would allow Hitler to invade the rest of Czech Good resources for war effort about 20% of Sudeten population was German, Hitler claimed they were being persecuted as an excuse
78
what happened when Chamberlin met Hitler
15 Sept 1938 Chamberlin flew to meet Hitler. Chamberlin wanted to appease Hitler to prevent war so agreed for Hitler to take Sudetenland if his actions where peacful Chamberlin later met with the Czechs and forced them to agree with Hitler On 22 September Hitler and Chamberlin met again - Hitler changed his demands that land must be handed over by October 1 and Hungary and Poland must also be given land
79
what happened and who was invited to the Munich conference
Chamberlin, Daladier, Mussolini, Hitler met in Munich and accepted demands of Hitler over Sudetenland. Chamberlin and Daladier said they'd prevented war and were heroes. USSR were not consulted, making Stalin believe he couldn't trust Britain and France Czechoslovakia were also not consulted
80
what are arguments for appeasement
Versailles was too harsh war cost lives and should be avoided Hitler said he was a man of peace Hitler's actions gave people what they wanted Britain didn't want war war was expensive during depression Hitler could be ally against communism USA wouldn't support British weren't ready for war
81
what are reasons against appeasement
USSR was isolated Czechoslovakia could've put up a stand against Hitler but forced to back down Opportunities to stop Hitler when he was weak were missed Hitler grew confident appeasement was morally wong
82
what was the Nazi soviet pact and why was it signed
Nazi soviet pact was an alliance between USSR and Germany. Hitlers next target was Poland for Lebensraum and destroying the treaty. However USSR considered Poland to be in it's circle of influence, so invading Poland for Hitler would mean a war on 2 fronts - the reason Germany lost WW1. On 23 August 1939, Hitler and Stalin signed Nazi soviet pact
83
what was in it for USSR regarding Nazi soviet pact
Stalin had felt betrayed from Britain and France following Munich conference and realised they wouldn't protect USSR, Hitler seemed to have more respect for Stalin. Hitler agreed Stalin would be given land, without sending troops. Stalin feared Hitler but wasn't ready to fight. Land in Poland would act as a buffer zone if Hitler did try to invade
84
how did the invasion of Poland cause the start of WW2
Britain and France had realised appeasement had failed - without a war on 2 fronts Hitler felt confident. On 1 sep Germany invaded. On 3rd Sep Britain said Hitler had to leave otherwise Britain would declare war, Hitler followed no response so Britain, followed by France declared war
85
how can Hitler be described as responsible for the outbreak of WW2
foreign policies meant he'd have to invade other countries Broke international law through TofV invasion of Poland
86
how can Chamberlin be described as responsible for the outbreak of WW2
missed opportunities to stop Hitler when he was weak because of appeasement - like during Remilitarisation of the Rhine giving Hitler land like Sudeten allowed Hitler to strengthen Exclusion of Stalin from Munich conference prompted Nazi soviet pact
87
how can Stalin be described as responsible for the outbreak of WW2
signed Nazi soviet pact, USSR's strong army meant Hitler had a huge ally pact enabled Hitler to invade Poland
88
how can Japan be described as responsible for the outbreak of WW2
Manchurian crisis 1931, walked out of LofN 1933, invasion of China 1937 - which some historians say was the start of WW2 signed Anti-Comintern pact and pact of steel
89
how can Mussolini be described as responsible for the outbreak of WW2
Abyssinian crisis made people lose faith in LofN Didn't intervene with Anschluss 1938 anti-comitern pact and pact of steel
90
how can the big 3 be described as responsible for the outbreak of WW2
TofV inspired Hitler's policies by 1930s people said treaty was too harsh so turned a blind eye to Hitler's actions
91
how can American isolationism be described as responsible for the outbreak of WW2
made LofN weaker, countries acted more aggressively as no fear of USA intervening Economic sanctions weren't effective
92
how can the fear of Communism be described as responsible for the outbreak of WW2
Britain and France allowed Hitler to strengthen as they thought he would be a good ally against communism actions upset Stalin
93
how can the great depression be described as responsible for the outbreak of WW2
American loans being taken back from Germany allowed Hitler to gain power some countries, like Japan and Italy acted more aggressively to gain more natural resources
94
how can weakness and collapse of the LofN be described as responsible for the outbreak of WW2
Hitler noticed he could invade other countries without being punished like Japan and Italy major countries meant economic and military threat was not dangerous no army for themselves
95

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