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KINE 326-Applied Anatomy > The Neuromuscular Basis > Flashcards

The Neuromuscular Basis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order in which a nerve impulse travels down a neuron?

A 
dendrite
cell body (nucleus)
Axon
Myelin Sheath
Syanpse
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2
Q

What is another word for nerve impulse?

A

action potential

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3
Q

What is the word for a signal that passes from one neuron to the next and finally the muscle fibers?

A

action potential

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4
Q

What voltage is considered resting potential for a neuron?

A

-70 mV

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5
Q

When is the membrane considered polarized?

A

whenever there is more sodium outside and more potassium inside

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6
Q

Explain the process of depolarization?

A

Resting Membrane Potential moves to 0 mV; channels open and allow Sodium in and potassium out

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7
Q

What is the threshold required in order for depolarization to occur?

A

-55mV`

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8
Q

Explain Re polarization

A

channels open to where sodium moves out and potassium moves in

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9
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction?

A

the nerve terminal where there is a space between the neuron and the end plate of the muscle

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10
Q

What happens at a neuromuscular junction?

A

ACH is released and it binds to the receptor on the end plate of the muscle, then ACH turns into Ca

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11
Q

What type of neuron sends sensory information to the CNS?

A

Afferent

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12
Q

What type of neuron sends motor information to the PNS?

A

Efferent; the “effect” is caused, this is information for muscular contraction

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13
Q

What is a bundle of afferent and efferent neurons called?

A

Sciatic Nerve

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14
Q

On a graph what type of neuron is ascending and descending?

A

Ascending=Afferent

Descending=Efferent

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15
Q

What are the types of interneurons?

A

Aff-Eff
Eff-Eff
High part of the brain

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16
Q

What do nodes of ramvier do on a motor neuron?

A

speed up the AP; the gaps between the fatty substances

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17
Q

What produces mylenation?

A

Schwann cell; are the fatty substances on the myelin sheath

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18
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates (distributes)

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19
Q

What is the smallest unit of muscles shortening?

A

motor unit

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20
Q

What does precision do for a motor unit?

A

the number of motor neurons determines how precise the movements are in that muscle

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21
Q

How many motor neurons are present in a muscle?

A

100-200

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22
Q

The smaller number of motor units the more precise the movement is

A

shah

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23
Q

What is the all or non principle?

A

whenever all fibers of a motor unit produce tension together

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24
Q

What are the different types of motor units?

A

I, IIa, IIb

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25
Q

What is process that increases the number of stimulated motor units?

A

recruitment

26
Q

What is the process that increases the stimulation rate of the active motor units?

A

rate coding

27
Q

Which type of muscle fiber has a slow contraction, generates little tension, and maintains posture?

A

Type I

28
Q

Which muscle fiber has fast contractions, more fatigue resistant?

A

Type IIa

swimming, biking

29
Q

Which type of muscle fiber produces rapid contraction, distributed by alpha neurons, have a wider diameter?

A

type IIb; weightlifting

30
Q

During rate coding, what produces the effect of a single stimulus?

A

twitch

31
Q

During rate coding, what produces the overall effect of added stimuli?

A

summation

32
Q

During rate coding, what produces max tension due to high frequency stimulation?

A

tetanus

33
Q

What type of twitch relaxes and stimulates faster?

A

Fast twitch

34
Q

What type of twitch takes longer to stim and relax?

A

Slow twtich

35
Q

During recruitment, what is the order of the size principle?

A

Type I, then IIa, then IIb

36
Q

What is asynchronous activation?

A

whenever activation is spaced with preceding motor unit activity

37
Q

What is synchronous activation?

A

large and small motor units activated together

38
Q

During recruitment what can high frequency coding do?

A

induces high tension production aka rate coding

39
Q

For small muscles, what percent of units need to be activated for voluntary contractions?

A

30-50%

40
Q

For large muscles , what percent of motor units need to be activated for voluntary contraction?

A

100%

41
Q

What are the main sensory receptors for muscles?

A

proprioreceptors

42
Q

What monitors muscle strength?

A

muscle spindles

43
Q

What do muscle spindels respond to?

A

muscle length and velocity

44
Q

What is autogenic facilitation?

A

The process of inhibiting the muscle that generated a stimulus while providing an excitatory impulse to the antagonist muscle

45
Q

What is reciprocal inhibition?

A

process of muscles on one side of a joint relaxing to accommodate contraction on the other side of that joint

46
Q

What do muscle spindles cause?

A

autogenic facilitation

reciprocal inhibition

47
Q

What type of fibers are innervates muscle spindles?

A

intrafusal fibers

48
Q

What are intrafusal fibers with large nuclei in them?

A

nuclear bag fibers

49
Q

What innervates the contractile ends of a motor spindle?

A

gamma motor neuron

50
Q

What readjusts the muscle spindle length by contracting intrafusal fiber?

A

gamma bias

51
Q

What type of chain is it whenever the intrafusal fibers are arranged with nuclei in rows?

A

nuclear chain fiber

52
Q

What does stretch reflex do?

A

orders contraction of a muscle being stretched

53
Q

What does the Golgi Tendon Organ do?

A

monitors muscle tension

54
Q

What are fibers outside of the muscle spindle?

A

Extrafusal spindle

55
Q

Where is the GTO located?

A

myotendinous junction, attached to muscle fibers so more sensitive to contraction then stretch

56
Q

What does ballistic stretching target?

A

muscle spindles, which causes relaxation

57
Q

What does static stretching target?

A

minimizes muscle spindle response, but targets the GTO response

58
Q

what responds to a change in joint position and velocity?

A

ruffini ending

59
Q

What responds to pressure and pain?

A

pacinian corpuscle

60
Q

What happens to neurons during strength training?

A

they adapt and are able to withstand more load

61
Q

Bilateral Deficit

A

loss of both force through bilateral training

62
Q

what is the purpose of pylometric training?

A

improve velocity of performance

KINE 326-Applied Anatomy (7 decks)

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