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KINE 326-Applied Anatomy > The Musculoskeletal System Pt. 2 > Flashcards

The Musculoskeletal System Pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five types of bones?

A 
long
short
flat
irregular
sesamoid
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2
Q

What is the shape of a irregular bone?

A

asymmetrical

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3
Q

How does irregular bone provide attachment sites for muscles and tendons?

A

through the processes

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4
Q

Why do muscles rely on the irregular bones?

A

the processes handle the loads that the muscles cannot

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5
Q

What is flat bone most suited for?

A

protection

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6
Q

Where is most of flat bone located?

A

in the axial skeleton

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7
Q

Where are short bones located?

A

in compact areas

EX: wrists, knees, and ankles

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8
Q

What are long bones known for having?

A

load bearing surfaces at both ends

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9
Q

What do long bones provide for our extremities?

A

levers

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10
Q

What does sesamoid bone do for muscles?

A

Increases the mechanical advantage

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11
Q

Where can sesamoid bone be found?

A

in a tendon; they are pieces of bone that lie within a tendon

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12
Q

What is a condyle?

A

a rounded process of a bone that articulates with another bone

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13
Q

What is an epicondyle?

A

a small condyle

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14
Q

What is a facet?

A

a small, smooth surface of a bone

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15
Q

What is a foramen?

A

a hole in a bone

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16
Q

What is a fossa?

A

a dish-shaped section that provides space for an articulation with another bone or muscle attachment, a depression

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17
Q

What is a process?

A

a bony prominence

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18
Q

What is a tuberosity?

A

raised section of bone where a ligament, tendon, or muscle attaches

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19
Q

How does bone growth occur?

A

towards the shaft longitudinally

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20
Q

What dissolves bone tissue?

A

osteoclasts

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21
Q

What produces bone tissue?

A

osteoblasts

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22
Q

Explain the process of osteoclasts and osteoblasts?

A

osteoclasts eat away at bone tissue, osteoclasts produce a protein and coats it with an adhesive surface, Calcium sticks to the adhesive

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23
Q

Where does longitudinal growth occur in the bone?

A

epiphyseal plate

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24
Q

When does the epiphyseal plate of longitudinal growth seal?

A

Ages 18-25

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25
Q

What type of growth occurs throughout your life?

A

circumferential growth

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26
Q

What does Wolff’s Law state?

A

Whenever you’re in a state of Resorption, osteoclasts dominate (response to decreased stress). When you’re in a state of Deposition, osteoblasts dominate (response to increased stress).

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27
Q

What happens during bone resorption?

A

Calcium decreases and is removed through blood and kidney.
Kidney stones develop.
(think about the astronaut topic)

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28
Q

What percentage of long bone is porous?

A

15%

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29
Q

What is the outer layer of cortical bone?

A

periosteum

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30
Q

What is the inner layer of cortical bone?

A

endosteum

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31
Q

What percentage of spongy, cancellous, trabecular bone is porous?

A

70%

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32
Q

What is the shaft of the bone called?

A

diaphysis

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33
Q

What is the end of the diaphysis filled with spongy bone called?

A

metaphysis

34
Q

What is the proximal and distal end of long bone called?

A

epiphysis

35
Q

What is the cartilage that separates the metaphysis and epiphysis?

A

epiphyseal plate

36
Q

What is the definition of a joint?

A

point at which two or more bones are connected to each other

37
Q

What motion causes a movement?

A

rotation at a joint

38
Q

List the types of joints

A

Synarthrotic
Ampiarthrotic
Diathrotic

39
Q

What type of joint is immovable?

A

synarthrotic

EX: sutures and cranial bones

40
Q

What type of joint is slightly movable?

A

Ampiarthrotic

41
Q

What are the two categories for Ampiarthrotic joints?

A

Sydesmosis (ligaments); interoseous membrane between tib/fib

Synchondrosis (cartilage); pubis symphysis

42
Q

What joint is extremely movable?

A

diarthrotic

43
Q

What are the different types of diarthrotic?

A 
Gliding
Ball and Socket
Hinge
Saddle
Ellipsoid
Condyloid
Pivot
44
Q

How does movement occur in a gliding joint?

A

non axial; one bone slides past another without an axis

45
Q

How does movement occur in a hinge joint?

A

uniaxial (1 axis-1 plane); can only flex and extend

46
Q

How does movement occur in a pivot joint?

A

uniaxial; EX: radio-ulnar joint

47
Q

How does movement occur in a Condyloid joint?

A

biaxial (2 axes; 2 planes); one bone has a concave and one has a convex, allows for passive motion with no muscle action

48
Q

How does movement occur in a ellipsoid joint?

A

biaxial; one bone has a concave end and the other has a convex; does not allow for passive rotation

49
Q

How does movement occur in a saddle joint?

A

triaxial (3 axes-3 planes); both sides are concave

50
Q

How does movement occur in a ball and socket joint?

A

triaxial; rounded surface sits in a cup like socket

51
Q

What is the structure of the a Synovial Joint?

A 
Hyaline Cartilage
Fibrous Capsule
Synovial Membrane
Ligament
*F.C and S.M make up the Articular Capsule
52
Q

What is hyaline cartilage made of?

A

water and smooth-elastic tissue

53
Q

What part of a synovial joint absorbs shock, distributes force, and provides low friction?

A

hyaline cartilage

54
Q

What part of the synovial joint is used to hold bones together?

A

fibrous capsule

55
Q

What part of the synovial joint secretes synovial fluid?

A

synovial membrane

56
Q

What part of the synovial joint is a partial disc, absorbs impact, distributes force, and lubricates articulation?

A

articular fibrocartilage (meniscus)

57
Q

What are the two types of joint positions?

A

Closed-Packed

Loose-Packed

58
Q

What position of the joint is it whenever there is max compression and max contraction?

A

Closed-Packed Position

59
Q

Where is there less contact between joint positions?

A

Loose-Packed Position

60
Q

How is joint stability possible?

A

through muscular arrangement, ability of muscle to provide support

61
Q

What is the definition of mobility?

A

degree to which an articulation is allowed to move before being restricted by surrounding tissues

62
Q

What is the difference between Stability and Mobility?

A

increase stability/decrease mobility

vice versa

63
Q

How is sarcomere organization set up?

A

in series or parallel; which determines the property of the muscle

64
Q

3 sarcomeres in series creates what?

A

high velocity/ROM orientation

65
Q

3 sarcomeres in parallel creates what?

A

high force orientation

66
Q

How do fibers run in a fusiform?

A

longitudinally; “in series”

67
Q

How do fibers run in a pennate?

A

tendon runs parallel and fibers run diagonally

68
Q

What are the three types of penniform?

A

Unipennate
Bipennate
Multipennate

69
Q

What does unipennate mean?

A

off one side of the tendon

70
Q

What does bipinnate mean?

A

off both sides of the tendon

71
Q

What does multipennate mean?

A

both varieties

72
Q

What is the advantage and disadvantage of a Fusiform?

A

Adv: sarcomeres are in series so max velocity and ROM is increased
Dis: low number of parallel sarcomeres so the force is low

73
Q

What is the advantage and disadvantage of a Pennate?

A

Adv: increase force
Dis: low ROM and velocity

74
Q

What are the three ways muscle attaches to bone?

A

Directly
Via Tendon
Via Aponeurosis

75
Q

What is a tendon?

A

inelastic bundle of collage fibers

76
Q

What is a aponeurosis?

A

sheath of fibrous tissue

77
Q

What is it called when the muscle crosses 1 joint, so it affects motion at only 1 joint?

A

uniarticular

78
Q

What is it called when the muscle crosses 2 or more joints, so it can produce motion across multiple joints?

A

biarticular

79
Q

What are some of the positives to biarticular muscles?

A

reduces contraction velocity
transfers energy
reduce work required

80
Q

What is it whenever you cannot actively shorten to produce full ROM at both joints simultaneously?

A

Active insufficiency

“contract”

81
Q

What is it whenever it cannot be stretched to allow full ROM at both joints simultaneously?

A

passive insufficiency

“stretch”

KINE 326-Applied Anatomy (7 decks)

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