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KINE 326-Applied Anatomy > The Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

The Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the General Joint Motions?

A 
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Internal Rotation
External Rotation
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2
Q

What does flexion do?

A

decreases the angle at a joint; rolls the body towards the fetal position

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3
Q

What does extension do?

A

increases the angle at a joint; roll the body away from the fetal position

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4
Q

What does internal rotation do?

A

move anterior surface towards the midline

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5
Q

What does the external rotation do?

A

move the anterior surface away from the midline

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6
Q

What are the Joint Specific Motions of the ankle?

A

Dorsiflexion and Plantar flexion

Inversion and Eversion

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7
Q

What does dorsiflexion do?

A

moves top of the foot towards the tibia; decrease angle between foot and leg

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8
Q

What does plantar flexion do?

A

moves the bottom downwards; increase the angle between leg and foot

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9
Q

What does inversion of the foot do?

A

bottom of the foot turns towards the midline

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10
Q

What does eversion of the foot do?

A

bottom of the foot turns away from the midline

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11
Q

What are the Joint Specific Motions of the hip and shoulders?

A

Horizontal Abduction and Horizontal Adduction

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12
Q

What does horizontal abduction motion do?

A

the segment is moved in the transverse plane, away from the midline

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13
Q

What does the horizontal adduction motion do?

A

the segment is moved in the transverse plane, towards the midline

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14
Q

What are the Joint Specific Motions of the Pelvis?

A 
Posterior Pelvic Girdle Rotation
Anterior Pelvic Girdle Rotation
Left Lateral Pelvic Girdle Rotation
Right Lateral Pelvic Girdle Rotation
Right Transverse Pelvic Girdle Rotation
Left Transverse Pelvic Girdle Rotation
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15
Q

Motions of the pelvis are defined by what?

A

ASIS (Anterior Superior Iliac Spine)

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16
Q

What does anterior pelvic girdle rotation move?

A

ASIS rotates forward in the sagittal plane; increases space

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17
Q

What does the posterior pelvic girdle rotation move?

A

ASIS rotates backward in the sagittal plane; decreasing space

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18
Q

What does the right lateral pelvic girdle rotation move?

A

right ASIS moves superiorly; conan dance

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19
Q

What does the left lateral pelvic girdle rotation move?

A

left ASIS moves superiorly; conan dance

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20
Q

What does the right transverse pelvic girdle rotation move?

A

right ASIS moves posteriorly; open hips when batting

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21
Q

What does the left transverse pelvic girdle rotation move?

A

left ASIS moves posteriorly; opens hips when batting

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22
Q

What are the Joint Specific Motions of the lumbar?

A

Right Lateral Lumbar Flexion

Left Lateral Lumbar Flexion

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23
Q

What does the right lateral lumbar flexion move?

A

upper body flexes to the right

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24
Q

What does the left lateral lumbar flexion move?

A

upper body flexes to the left

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25
Q

What does reduction do during a lateral lumbar motion?

A

brings the trunk back to midline; making the position anatomical neutral again

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26
Q

What is the name of the spine curvature on the cervical and lumbar regions?

A

loradodic

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27
Q

What is the name of the spine curvature on thoracic and sacral regions?

A

kyphosis

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28
Q

What are the Joint Specific Motions of the shoulder/scapula?

A 
Upward Rotation
Downward Rotation
Protraction
Retraction
Elevation
Depression
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29
Q

What does the upward rotation of the shoulder move?

A

the inferior angle moves superiorly and laterally; abduction

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30
Q

What does the downward rotation of the shoulder move?

A

the inferior angle moves inferiorly and medially; adduction

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31
Q

what does the protraction movement of the scapula move?

A

vertebral border of the scapula moves away from the midline; abduction

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32
Q

What does the retraction movement of the scapula move?

A

moves the scapula moves toward the midline; adduction

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33
Q

What does elevation do for the scapula?

A

scapula moves upward

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34
Q

What does the depression of the scapula do?

A

scapula moves down

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35
Q

What are the Joint Specific Movements of the Radio-Ulnar ?

A

Pronation

Supination

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36
Q

What is the pronation movement of the radio ulnar joint?

A

the thumb is positioned on the medial side of the elbow; palm down

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37
Q

What is the supination movement of the radio ulnar joint?

A

the thumb is positioned on the lateral side of the elbow; palm up

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38
Q

What are the Joint Specific Motions of the Wrist?

A

Radial and Ulnar Deviation

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39
Q

What is the radial deviation movement?

A

radial flexion; thumb moves toward the forearm

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40
Q

What is the ulnar deviation movement?

A

ulnar flexion; pinkie moves toward the forearm

41
Q

What is the different layers of a muscle?

A 
Muscle
Fascicle 
Fiber
Myofibril
Myofilaments (myosin and actin)
42
Q

Which bundle is non active?

A

Fascia; its like a rubber band, you have to pull it for a force to be produce

43
Q

What does the epimysium surround?

A

the entire belly

44
Q

What does the perimysium surround?

A

the entire fascicle

45
Q

What does the endomysium surround?

A

the individual muscle fibers

46
Q

What does the sarcolema surround?

A

the cytoplasm of muscle cell

47
Q

What does the sarcomere surround?

A

muscle fibers

48
Q

What is the active unit of myosin and actin?

A

sarcomere

49
Q

What part of the sarcomere moves and what part stays still?

A

actin moves

myosin stays

50
Q

Sliding Filament Theory

A

1) myosin crossbridge attaches to actin
2) cross bridge forms contraction
3) force is produced
4) actin and myosin slide past each other
5) sarcomere shortens
6) repeat

51
Q

Where does the max force of a sarcomere occur?

A

2.0-2.25 micrometers

52
Q

When does the actin move away from the center?

A

at 2.25-3.6 micrometers

53
Q

When does force production drop?

A

under 1.65 micrometers

54
Q

What are the different muscle actions?

A

concentric, eccentric, and isometric

55
Q

What happens during a concentric action?

A

muscle force is greater than the resistant force; bench pressing normally

56
Q

What happens during a eccentric action?

A

resistant force is greater than the muscle force; muscle length increases under tension

57
Q

What happens during a isometric action?

A

total muscle length stays the same under tension

58
Q

What is an isokinetic muscle action?

A

muscle action where the length of the muscle changes at the same speed throughout the ROM (same speed, variable resistance)

59
Q

What is an isotonic muscle action?

A

tension of the muscle remains the same through the ROM (variable speed, same resistance)

60
Q

What is an isoinertial muscle action?

A

external load remains the same throughout the entire ROM

61
Q

What must a muscle produce to move a joint?

A

force

62
Q

What happens to a joint when force is present?

A

it rotates

63
Q

What causes a movement?

A

rotation at a joint

64
Q

Tissue Properties of Muscle

A

Irritability
Contractibility
Distensibility
Elasticity

65
Q

Stimulation by a chemical neurotransmitter causes what?

A

irritability

66
Q

Ability to shorten, which is limited by joint ROM?

A

Contractibility

67
Q

Ability to stretch or lengthen?

A

Distensibility

“distance”

68
Q

Ability to return to normal state, after lengthening?

A

Elasticity

69
Q

What develops force from a skeletal muscle?

A

active contractile

70
Q

How is muscle force transmitted from a skeletal muscle?

A

tendon to bony insertion

71
Q

What are the two types of skeletal muscle tissue?

A

muscle and connective

72
Q

What contains active muscle force producing elements?

A

muscle tissue (contractile)

73
Q

What connects contractile elements to a bone at the distal and proximal ends?

A

tendon

74
Q

What separates muscle into compartments?

A

fascia

75
Q

Hill’s Muscle Model

A

SEC-tendon
PEC-fascia
CC-sarcomere

76
Q

What is the contractile component?

A

active shortening of muscles

77
Q

What is Parallel Elastic Component?

A

parallel to the contractile element

CT in the surrounding muscle fibers

78
Q

What is the Elastic Component?

A

resides in the cross bridges of actin and myosin and in the tendons

79
Q

Explain the Stretch-Shortening Cycle?

A

rapid eccentric muscle action, followed by a concentric action
produces more force
-eccentric motion stores the energy like a rubber band
-works only if action is spontaneously after one another.

80
Q

Purposes of the Skeletal System?

A
  • protect
  • facilitate movements; levers
  • provide attachment sites for muscles
  • production of RBC
81
Q

What are the Structural Components of Bones?

A
  • second to dentin/enamel as the hardest part of the body
  • metabolically active throughout life
  • high vascular
  • adaptive to mechanical demands
  • Ca and P makes it hard
  • collagen fibers allow for pliability
  • allows for stability and mobility
82
Q

What is viscoelasticity?

A

is the property of materials that exhibit both viscous and elastic characteristics when undergoing deformation

83
Q

What are the 2 Skeletal Systems?

A

Axial

Appendicular

84
Q

What bones make up the Axial Skeleton?

A

“central pillar”
skull
spine
thorax

85
Q

What bones make up Appendicular Skeleton?

A

upper and lower extremities

86
Q

Different Mechanical Loading of Bones?

A 
Compression
Tension
Shear
Torsion
Bending
(look at slide 50)
87
Q

Where is the bone the strongest?

A

along the long axis

88
Q

What does anisotropy mean?

A

stronger in certain directions

89
Q

Where is the cortical bone found?

A

found in outer shell along the shaft

90
Q

What bone is better at absorbing bone?

A

cancellous bone

91
Q

What does tension do to the bone?

A

the long axis is loaded and it pulls the bone in opposite directions

92
Q

What does compression do to the bone?

A

the long axis is loaded and the bone pushes towards the center

93
Q

What does Bending do to the bone?

A

tension on the longer side and compression on the smaller side

94
Q

What does Shear do to the bone?

A

force in opposite direction across long axis; causes a break on the backside of the bone

95
Q

What does Torsion do to the bone?

A

force causes a rotation force along the long axis; “spiral fracture”

96
Q

Bone is strongest where?

A

in compression

97
Q

Bone is weaker in what?

A

tension

98
Q

Bone is weakest in what?

A

shear

KINE 326-Applied Anatomy (7 decks)

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