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Anatomy > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What functions are carried out by the parietal lobe of the brain?

A

Integration of sensory afferents
Discrimination between different types of stimuli and localising intensity of stimulus
Involved in the ability to manipulate objects in space

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2
Q

Which anatomical structure demarcates the boundary between the frontal and parietal lobes?

A

The central sulcus

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3
Q

What are the functions of the occipital lobe of the brain?

A

Primary visual cortex

Dreams are developed and processed

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4
Q

What functions are undertaken by the temporal lobe of the Brain?

A

Responsible for hearing and interpretation of speech and hearing

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5
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum of the brain?

A

Associated with movements that are grouped for the performance of selective responses requiring specific adjustments.
Maintains posture and muscle tone

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6
Q

What comprises the brainstem?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

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7
Q

What are the functions of the brainstem?

A

It is a relay tract area for the motor and sensory systems.
Cranial nerves arise here to supply motor and sensory innervation to the face and neck
Controls cardio-respiratory systems

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8
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

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9
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

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10
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5

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11
Q

How many sacral vertebrae are there?

A

5 fused vertebrae

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12
Q

How many bones make up the coccyx?

A

3-5

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13
Q

What is the fluid called that circulates around the brain and spinal cord?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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14
Q

What information passes through the dorsal root of the spinal nerve?

A

Sensory afferent fibres of spinal nerves

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15
Q

What information passes through the ventral root of the spinal nerve?

A

Motor efferent fibres leaving from the ventral grey horn

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16
Q

What is the white matter of the spinal cord primarily composed of?

A

Myelinated axons

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17
Q

What is the grey matter of the spinal cord primarily composed of?

A

Unmyelinated neurons and supporting glia

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18
Q

What is contained in the dorsal root ganglion?

A

It is composed of the cell bodies of afferent neurons

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19
Q

What is a nerve plexus?

A

A collection of nerves that supply specific body regions

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20
Q

What does the brachial plexus supply?

A

Motor and sensory innervation to the upper limbs

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21
Q

What is the spinal origin of the brachial plexus?

A

C5-T1

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22
Q

Does the brachial plexus form part of the central or peripheral nervous system?

A

PNS

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23
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

A dermatome is a unilateral area of skin innervated by the sensory nerve fibres if a single spinal nerve

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24
Q

In total, how many spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

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25
Q

What is the clinical significance of the dermatomes?

A

They can give an indication of the level of spinal cord where damage may be. A lesion of just a single spinal nerve however would rarely give numbness over that area due to overlap of innervation?

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26
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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27
Q

Do the cranial nerves form part of the CNS or PNS?

A

PNS

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28
Q

Where do cranial nerves arise from?

A

Brain and brain stem

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29
Q

Generally, what do the cranial nerves supply?

A

Head and neck structures as well as the gut, heart and respiratory system

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30
Q

Is the brain a part of the CNS or PNS?

A

CNS

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31
Q

Is the spinal cord part of the CNS or PNS?

A

CNS

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32
Q

What is the function of myelin?

A

Electrical insulation to allow faster conduction along a nerve

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33
Q

Which cells form myelin in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

34
Q

What is contained in the lateral ventricles of the brain?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

35
Q

What two major blood vessels provide the blood supply to the brain?

A

Internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries

36
Q

Where does venous blood from the brain drain to?

A

Internal jugular veins

37
Q

From what vertebral levels does the sympathetic nervous system arise?

A

T1-L2

38
Q

What are the origins of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Cranial nerves 3,7,9 and 10

S2-4

39
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

The lower end of the spinal cord that terminates as nerve roots

40
Q

In an adult, at what level will the spinal cord terminate?

A

L2

41
Q

What is the clinical relevance of knowing where the spinal cord terminates?

A

A sample of cerebrospinal fluid can be taken after the cord terminates.

42
Q

What is the function of the corpus callosum?

A

Communication between the left and right hemispheres

43
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

It is the relay centre for motor and sensory fibres

44
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

To maintain homeostasis

45
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A 
Communication
Regulating internal events
Organising behaviour
Information storage (memory)
Sensations, perceptions, emotions
46
Q

What are the two main types of cell in the nervous system?

A

Neurons

Glia cells

47
Q

What is myelin and where does it come from?

A

Myelin is a fatty tissue and is an outgrowth of glial cells

48
Q

What kinds of cells form myelin in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

49
Q

What kinds of cells form myelin in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

50
Q

What is the purpose of a myelin sheath around a neuron?

A

The sheath is electrically insulating so allows the effect to travel the length of the neuron more quickly

51
Q

Astrocytes are a type of glial cells. What do they do?

A

Involved in nutrient supply to the CMS join to blood vessels on one side and neurons on the other to perform this function

52
Q

Microglia are a type of glial cells. What do they do?

A

They have a role on phagocytic defence

53
Q

Epedymal cells are a type of glial cells. What do they do?

A

Involved in the production of many substances such as cerebrospinal fluid which cushions and protects the brain

54
Q

What part of the neuron receives information?

A

The dendrite

55
Q

What is the name of the little notches on the myelin sheaths which allow for faster transmission of nerve signals?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

56
Q

How do somatic nerves differ structurally from visceral nerves?

A

Somatic nerves are continuous whereas visceral nerves have two nerves on exit

57
Q

What brain structures comprise the forebrain?

A

The cerebrum (telencephalon) and the thalamus and hypothalamus (diencephalon)

58
Q

What structures comprise the midbrain or mesencephalon?

A

Pons
Medulla oblongata
Cerbellum

59
Q

The brainstem is included in which part of the brain?

A

Hindbrain or rhombencephalon

60
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe of the brain?

A

Executive functions

Longterm memory

61
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe of the brain?

A

Integration of sensory functions

62
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe of the brain?

A

Visual processing

63
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe of the brain?

A

Auditory processing

64
Q

In the spinal cord, sensory nerves travel at the ventral end and motor nerves travel at the dorsal end. T/F?

A

False - sensory nerves are dorsal

Motor nerves are ventral

65
Q

Where are the cell bodies of primary sensory neurons contained?

A

Dorsal root ganglia

66
Q

How many cervical spinal nerves are there?

A

8

67
Q

How many thoracic spinal nerves are there?

A

12

68
Q

How many lumbar spinal nerves are there?

A

5

69
Q

How many sacral spinal nerves are there?

A

5

70
Q

How many coccygeal spinal nerves are there?

A

1-3

71
Q

Name the first three cranial nerves?

A

Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor

72
Q

Name the fourth, fifth and sixth cranial nerves.

A

Trochlear
Teigeminal
Abducens

73
Q

Name the seventh, eighth and ninth cranial nerves.

A

Facial
Vestobulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal

74
Q

Name the tenth, eleventh and twelfth cranial nerves?

A

Vagus
Spinal accessory
Hypoglossal

75
Q

What are the basic functions of the sympathetic nervous system as opposed to the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic - flight or fight response

Parasympathetic - rest and digest

76
Q

What would be the signs of damage to the afferent pathway of a tendon reflex?

A

Loss of reflex and associated sensory loss

77
Q

What would be the signs of damage to the efferent pathway of a tendon reflex?

A

Loss of reflex and muscle paralysis

78
Q

What is a myotome?

A

A group of muscles supplied by a specific spinal root

79
Q

What are the effects on tone, power and reflexes of a lower motor neurone lesion?

A

Decreased tone
Decreased power
Hyporeflexia

80
Q

What are the effects on tone, power and reflexes of an upper motor neurone lesion?

A

Increased tone
Decreased power
Hyperreflexia

Anatomy (16 decks)

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