Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the axial part of the skeleton?

A

The part of the skeleton which forms the core of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the appendicular part of the skeleton?

A

The part of the skeleton which forms the extremities of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the endoskeleton?

A

The inner skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is cartilage?

A

An avascular form of connective tissue consisting of extracellular fibres embedded in a matrix which contains chondrocytes localised in small cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of cartilage?

A

To support soft tissue
Provide smooth gliding surface for bone articulations at joints
Enable development and growth of long bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is cartilage nourished and why does it have to be nourished in this way?

A

By diffusion because it has no blood vessels, lymphatics or nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is articular cartilage and what is its function?

A

Cartilage which surrounds the articular surface of the bone and is needed to act as a shock absorber as compression will occur at these areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How many vertebrae are there in total?

A

33

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How many sacral vertebrae are there?

A

5 fused

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How many fused bones make up the coccyx?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the name of the cartilage which separates and forms a joint between the vertebrae of the spine?

A

Intervertebral discs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the name of the weight-bearing part of the vertebrae?

A

Vertebral body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the name of the part of the vertebra which can be palpated through the skin?

A

Spinous process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the function of the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra?

A

Site of attachment for ribs for the thoracic vertebra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the name of the parts of the vertebrae which articulate with corresponding parts of adjacent vertebrae?

A

Superior and inferior processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the names of the first and second cervical vertebrae?

A

Atlas and axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does the atlas differ from other vertebrae?

A

It lacks a vertebral body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the name of the outer zone of the intervertebral disc which has high tensile strength?

A

Annulus fibrosus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the name of the inner part of the intervertebral disc which is a gelatinous structure mainly composed of water?

A

Nucleus pulposus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc?

A

To absorb compression forces between the vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

When pressure is applied to the intervertebral disc, water is released from the nucleus pulposes. T/F?

A

True - thus the intervertebral disc becomes thinner and this helps to absorb compression forces between the vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the two ligaments which extend from the base of the skull down the vertebrae attaching vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs along their length?

A

The posterior and anterior longitudinal ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where are the ligament flava?

A

Each ligament flava attaches to the posterior surface of a lower vertebra to the anterior surface of the vertebra above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the name of the triangular, sheet-like ligament that attaches the axis to the the skull?

A

Nuchal ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

To what does the supraspinous ligament attach to?

A

To the vertebral processes of the vertebrae up to the axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Which bone articulates superior,y to the radius and ulna?

A

Humerus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

In the anatomical position the radius is medial to the ulna. T/F?

A

False - the opposite is true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Which bone moves in order to cause supination or pronation?

A

The radius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Which bone articulates superiorly with the tibia and fibula?

A

Femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

In the anatomical position, the tibia is medial to the fibula. T/F?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

When is the metaphysis of a bone recognisable?

A

Before puberty when the bones are still growing and have note yet fused

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

On which vertebra does the odontoid peg exist?

A

The second cervical vertebra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the name of the parts of the occipital bone of the skull which articulate with the atlas?

A

The occipital condyles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Do all digits have the same number of phalanges?

A

No - the thumb dies not have a middle phalanx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

The metacarpal. Ones are number one through to five from the pinkie to the thumb. T/F?

A

False - they are number one through to five from the thumb to the pinkie

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Which bone forms the saddle-shaped joint of the base of the thumb?

A

The trapezium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What does the femoral head articulate with?

A

The acetabulum of the hipbone

42
Q

The lateral malleolus is the distal end of which bone?

A

The fibula

43
Q

Which bone is the medial malleolus a part of?

A

The tibia

44
Q

Which metatarsal bone forms the lateral border of the foot?

A

The fifth metatarsal

45
Q

Which metatarsal bone does the medial cuneiform articulate with?

A

The second metatarsal

46
Q

How do the bones of the big toe differ from that of the other toes?

A

There is no middle phalanx on the big toe

47
Q

Which regions of the spine exhibit kyphosis?

A

Thoracic and sacral regions

48
Q

What is the name of abnormal curvature of the spine?

A

Scoliosis

49
Q

At what point does cervical lordosis develop?

A

6 months after birth to help with lifting of the head

50
Q

At what point does lumbar lordosis develop?

A

10-14 months after birth to allow standing and walking

51
Q

What structures of the vertebrae firm the neural arches?

A

Pedicles and laminae

52
Q

What is the purpose of the additional transverse processes on the cervical vertebrae?

A

To allow the passage of the vertebral artery to the brain

53
Q

List the layers of the meninges in order of most superficial to most deep.

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

54
Q

The spinous process of which vertebrae is particularly prominent at the base of the neck?

A

C7

55
Q

Which vertebra are the spines of the scapula level with?

A

T3

56
Q

Which vertebra is level with the inferior angle of the scapula?

A

T7

57
Q

Which surface landmark is used for the level of L4/5 when taking a lumbar puncture?

A

Iliac crests

58
Q

Why are vertebral fractures most common at the junction between cervical/thoracic and thoracic/lumbar regions of the spine?

A

The thoracic region is relatively immobile which results in an increase in bio mechanical stress between stiff and moveable segments

59
Q

Define muscle tone

A

A muscle’s resistance to passive stretch

60
Q

Define muscle power

A

The tension generated by voluntary contraction

61
Q

The trapezius muscle originates on the spinous processes of…?

A

C1-T12

62
Q

Which nerve innervates the trapezius muscle?

A

Accessory nerve

63
Q

What are the actions of the descending portion of the trapezius?

A

Keeps shoulder girdle up
Titlts scapula for arm elevation
Contralateral rotation of head upon unilateral action
Extension of head upon bilateral action

64
Q

What are the actions of the horizontal and ascending portions of the trapezius?

A

Depress and pull the scapula medially

65
Q

The latissimus dorsi originates from the spinous processes of…?

A

T7-12

66
Q

Where does the latissimus dorsi insert?

A

On the crista tuberculi minoris of the humerus

67
Q

Shat are the actions of the latissimus dorsi?

A

Medially rotates arm
Elevates trunk
Depresses the scapula

68
Q

Which nerve supplies the latissimus dorsi?

A

Thoraco dorsal nerve

69
Q

What is the origin and insertion of teres major?

A

Origin - lateral margin and inferior angle of scapula

Insettion - crista tuberculi minoris of the humerus

70
Q

What is the action of teres major?

A

Adduct and medially rotate the arm

71
Q

Which nerve supplies teres major?

A

Thoraco dorsal

72
Q

From the spinous processes of which vertebrae do the rhomboid muscles originate?

A

Minor rhomboid - c6/7

Major rhomboid T1-4

73
Q

What is the insertion of the rhomboid muscles?

A

Medial margin of the scapula

74
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the levator scapulae muscle?

A

Origin - Transverse processes of C1-4

Insertion - superior angle of the scapula

75
Q

Which nerve supplies the levator scapulae muscle?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

76
Q

Which four muscles comprise the rotator cuff?

A

Supraspinatous
Infraspinatous
Teres minor
Subscapularis

77
Q

Which muscle is the most powerful lateral rotator of the humerus?

A

Infraspinatous

78
Q

Which muscle initiates arm abduction?

A

Supraspinatous

79
Q

Which muscle completes arm abduction?

A

Deltoid

80
Q

Which nerve innervates the deltoid muscle?

A

Axillary nerve

81
Q

Which muscles form the borders of the quadrangular space?

A

Superior border - teres minor
Inferior border - teres major
Lateral borer - lateral head of triceps
Medial border - long head of triceps

82
Q

What muscles form the border of the triangular space?

A

Superior border - teres minor
Inferior border - teres major
Lateral border - long head of triceps

83
Q

Which nerve passes through the quadrangular space?

A

Axillary nerve

84
Q

What are the general functions of the rotator cuff muscles?

A

Centralise humeral head
Limit superior translation during abduction
Stabilise shoulder joint

85
Q

What are the origin and insertion of the supraspinatous muscle?

A

Arises from the supraspinatous fossa and its tendon inserts on the greater tuberosity of the humerus

86
Q

Which nerves and arteries supply the supraspinatous muscle?

A

Suprascapular nerve and artery

87
Q

What are the origin and insertion of infraspinatous?

A

Infraspinatous fossa

Tendon inserts of greater tuberosity of the humerus

88
Q

What arteries and nerves supply infraspinatous?

A

Suprascaular nerve

Suprascapular and circumflex scapular arteries

89
Q

What are the origin and insertion of teres minor?

A

Upper two thirds of the lateral border of the scapula

Tendon inserts in greater tuberosity of the humerus

90
Q

Which nerves and arteries supply teres minor?

A

Axillary nerve

Posterior circumflex humeral artery and circumflex scapular artery

91
Q

What are the origin and insertion of subscapularis?

A

Medial two thirds if the costal surface of the scapula

Tendon inserts on the lesser tuberosity of the humerus

92
Q

Which nerves and arteries supply subscapularis?

A

Both subscapular nerves

Subscapular artery

93
Q

How do the tendons of muscles which are responsible for precision movements compare with those which do a lot of work?

A

Precision - long slender tendons

Work - thick, robust tendons

94
Q

What is the name if the osteotenidnous junction?

A

Enthesis

95
Q

What is the composition of tendons?

A

80% ecm

20% tenocyte cells

96
Q

What are the major components of the ECM of tendons?

A

Type I collagen
Glycoproteins
Water
Proteoglycans

97
Q

Describe the structure of a tendon?

A

A tendon is made up of groups of fascicles surrounded by epitenon.
Each fascicle is surrounded by endotenon composed of fibres surrounded by paratenon.
Each fascicle is composed of mainly type I collagen bands with tenocytes sandwiched in between

98
Q

What is the purpose of the crimping of tendons and how does this come about?

A

Tendons are flexible because they are crimped
The absence of hydroxyproline and proline residues at specific locations in the amino acid sequence of their collagen allows the development of the crimped structure

99
Q

Describe the vascular and nervous supply of a tendon?

A

Tendons are scarcely innervated

Tendons are vascularised by the perimysium, periosteum and paratenon

100
Q

What are the functions of tendons?

A

Mechanical force transmission
Joint stabilisation
Shock absorption to limit muscle damage

Anatomy (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions