Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

What is the axial part of the skeleton?

Answer 1

The part of the skeleton which forms the core of the body

Question 2

What is the appendicular part of the skeleton?

Answer 2

The part of the skeleton which forms the extremities of the body

Question 3

What is the endoskeleton?

Answer 3

The inner skeleton

Question 4

What is cartilage?

Answer 4

An avascular form of connective tissue consisting of extracellular fibres embedded in a matrix which contains chondrocytes localised in small cavities

Question 5

What is the function of cartilage?

Answer 5

To support soft tissue
Provide smooth gliding surface for bone articulations at joints
Enable development and growth of long bones

Question 6

What are the three types of cartilage?

Answer 6

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

Question 7

How is cartilage nourished and why does it have to be nourished in this way?

Answer 7

By diffusion because it has no blood vessels, lymphatics or nerves

Question 8

What is articular cartilage and what is its function?

Answer 8

Cartilage which surrounds the articular surface of the bone and is needed to act as a shock absorber as compression will occur at these areas

Question 9

How many vertebrae are there in total?

Answer 9

33

Question 10

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

Answer 10

7

Question 11

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

Answer 11

12

Question 12

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

Answer 12

5

Question 13

How many sacral vertebrae are there?

Answer 13

5 fused

Question 14

How many fused bones make up the coccyx?

Answer 14

4

Question 15

What is the name of the cartilage which separates and forms a joint between the vertebrae of the spine?

Answer 15

Intervertebral discs

Question 16

What is the name of the weight-bearing part of the vertebrae?

Answer 16

Vertebral body

Question 17

What is the name of the part of the vertebra which can be palpated through the skin?

Answer 17

Spinous process

Question 18

What is the function of the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra?

Answer 18

Site of attachment for ribs for the thoracic vertebra

Question 19

What is the name of the parts of the vertebrae which articulate with corresponding parts of adjacent vertebrae?

Answer 19

Superior and inferior processes

Question 20

What are the names of the first and second cervical vertebrae?

Answer 20

Atlas and axis

Question 21

How does the atlas differ from other vertebrae?

Answer 21

It lacks a vertebral body

Question 22

What is the name of the outer zone of the intervertebral disc which has high tensile strength?

Answer 22

Annulus fibrosus

Question 23

What is the name of the inner part of the intervertebral disc which is a gelatinous structure mainly composed of water?

Answer 23

Nucleus pulposus

Question 24

What is the function of the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc?

Answer 24

To absorb compression forces between the vertebrae

Question 25

When pressure is applied to the intervertebral disc, water is released from the nucleus pulposes. T/F?

Answer 25

True - thus the intervertebral disc becomes thinner and this helps to absorb compression forces between the vertebrae

Question 26

What are the two ligaments which extend from the base of the skull down the vertebrae attaching vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs along their length?

Answer 26

The posterior and anterior longitudinal ligaments

Question 27

Where are the ligament flava?

Answer 27

Each ligament flava attaches to the posterior surface of a lower vertebra to the anterior surface of the vertebra above

Question 28

What is the name of the triangular, sheet-like ligament that attaches the axis to the the skull?

Answer 28

Nuchal ligament

Question 29

To what does the supraspinous ligament attach to?

Answer 29

To the vertebral processes of the vertebrae up to the axis

Question 30

Which bone articulates superior,y to the radius and ulna?

Answer 30

Humerus

Question 31

In the anatomical position the radius is medial to the ulna. T/F?

Answer 31

False - the opposite is true

Question 32

Which bone moves in order to cause supination or pronation?

Answer 32

The radius

Question 33

Which bone articulates superiorly with the tibia and fibula?

Answer 33

Femur

Question 34

In the anatomical position, the tibia is medial to the fibula. T/F?

Answer 34

True

Question 35

When is the metaphysis of a bone recognisable?

Answer 35

Before puberty when the bones are still growing and have note yet fused

Question 36

On which vertebra does the odontoid peg exist?

Answer 36

The second cervical vertebra

Question 37

What is the name of the parts of the occipital bone of the skull which articulate with the atlas?

Answer 37

The occipital condyles

Question 38

Do all digits have the same number of phalanges?

Answer 38

No - the thumb dies not have a middle phalanx

Question 39

The metacarpal. Ones are number one through to five from the pinkie to the thumb. T/F?

Answer 39

False - they are number one through to five from the thumb to the pinkie

Question 40

Which bone forms the saddle-shaped joint of the base of the thumb?

Answer 40

The trapezium

Question 41

What does the femoral head articulate with?

Answer 41

The acetabulum of the hipbone

Question 42

The lateral malleolus is the distal end of which bone?

Answer 42

The fibula

Question 43

Which bone is the medial malleolus a part of?

Answer 43

The tibia

Question 44

Which metatarsal bone forms the lateral border of the foot?

Answer 44

The fifth metatarsal

Question 45

Which metatarsal bone does the medial cuneiform articulate with?

Answer 45

The second metatarsal

Question 46

How do the bones of the big toe differ from that of the other toes?

Answer 46

There is no middle phalanx on the big toe

Question 47

Which regions of the spine exhibit kyphosis?

Answer 47

Thoracic and sacral regions

Question 48

What is the name of abnormal curvature of the spine?

Answer 48

Scoliosis

Question 49

At what point does cervical lordosis develop?

Answer 49

6 months after birth to help with lifting of the head

Question 50

At what point does lumbar lordosis develop?

Answer 50

10-14 months after birth to allow standing and walking

Question 51

What structures of the vertebrae firm the neural arches?

Answer 51

Pedicles and laminae

Question 52

What is the purpose of the additional transverse processes on the cervical vertebrae?

Answer 52

To allow the passage of the vertebral artery to the brain

Question 53

List the layers of the meninges in order of most superficial to most deep.

Answer 53

Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater

Question 54

The spinous process of which vertebrae is particularly prominent at the base of the neck?

Answer 54

C7

Question 55

Which vertebra are the spines of the scapula level with?

Answer 55

T3

Question 56

Which vertebra is level with the inferior angle of the scapula?

Answer 56

T7

Question 57

Which surface landmark is used for the level of L4/5 when taking a lumbar puncture?

Answer 57

Iliac crests

Question 58

Why are vertebral fractures most common at the junction between cervical/thoracic and thoracic/lumbar regions of the spine?

Answer 58

The thoracic region is relatively immobile which results in an increase in bio mechanical stress between stiff and moveable segments

Question 59

Define muscle tone

Answer 59

A muscle’s resistance to passive stretch

Question 60

Define muscle power

Answer 60

The tension generated by voluntary contraction

Question 61

The trapezius muscle originates on the spinous processes of...?

Answer 61

C1-T12

Question 62

Which nerve innervates the trapezius muscle?

Answer 62

Accessory nerve

Question 63

What are the actions of the descending portion of the trapezius?

Answer 63

Keeps shoulder girdle up Titlts scapula for arm elevation Contralateral rotation of head upon unilateral action Extension of head upon bilateral action

Question 64

What are the actions of the horizontal and ascending portions of the trapezius?

Answer 64

Depress and pull the scapula medially

Question 65

The latissimus dorsi originates from the spinous processes of...?

Answer 65

T7-12

Question 66

Where does the latissimus dorsi insert?

Answer 66

On the crista tuberculi minoris of the humerus

Question 67

Shat are the actions of the latissimus dorsi?

Answer 67

Medially rotates arm Elevates trunk Depresses the scapula

Question 68

Which nerve supplies the latissimus dorsi?

Answer 68

Thoraco dorsal nerve

Question 69

What is the origin and insertion of teres major?

Answer 69

Origin - lateral margin and inferior angle of scapula | Insettion - crista tuberculi minoris of the humerus

Question 70

What is the action of teres major?

Answer 70

Adduct and medially rotate the arm

Question 71

Which nerve supplies teres major?

Answer 71

Thoraco dorsal

Question 72

From the spinous processes of which vertebrae do the rhomboid muscles originate?

Answer 72

Minor rhomboid - c6/7 | Major rhomboid T1-4

Question 73

What is the insertion of the rhomboid muscles?

Answer 73

Medial margin of the scapula

Question 74

What is the origin and insertion of the levator scapulae muscle?

Answer 74

Origin - Transverse processes of C1-4 | Insertion - superior angle of the scapula

Question 75

Which nerve supplies the levator scapulae muscle?

Answer 75

Dorsal scapular nerve

Question 76

Which four muscles comprise the rotator cuff?

Answer 76

Supraspinatous Infraspinatous Teres minor Subscapularis

Question 77

Which muscle is the most powerful lateral rotator of the humerus?

Answer 77

Infraspinatous

Question 78

Which muscle initiates arm abduction?

Answer 78

Supraspinatous

Question 79

Which muscle completes arm abduction?

Answer 79

Deltoid

Question 80

Which nerve innervates the deltoid muscle?

Answer 80

Axillary nerve

Question 81

Which muscles form the borders of the quadrangular space?

Answer 81

Superior border - teres minor Inferior border - teres major Lateral borer - lateral head of triceps Medial border - long head of triceps

Question 82

What muscles form the border of the triangular space?

Answer 82

Superior border - teres minor Inferior border - teres major Lateral border - long head of triceps

Question 83

Which nerve passes through the quadrangular space?

Answer 83

Axillary nerve

Question 84

What are the general functions of the rotator cuff muscles?

Answer 84

Centralise humeral head Limit superior translation during abduction Stabilise shoulder joint

Question 85

What are the origin and insertion of the supraspinatous muscle?

Answer 85

Arises from the supraspinatous fossa and its tendon inserts on the greater tuberosity of the humerus

Question 86

Which nerves and arteries supply the supraspinatous muscle?

Answer 86

Suprascapular nerve and artery

Question 87

What are the origin and insertion of infraspinatous?

Answer 87

Infraspinatous fossa | Tendon inserts of greater tuberosity of the humerus

Question 88

What arteries and nerves supply infraspinatous?

Answer 88

Suprascaular nerve | Suprascapular and circumflex scapular arteries

Question 89

What are the origin and insertion of teres minor?

Answer 89

Upper two thirds of the lateral border of the scapula | Tendon inserts in greater tuberosity of the humerus

Question 90

Which nerves and arteries supply teres minor?

Answer 90

Axillary nerve | Posterior circumflex humeral artery and circumflex scapular artery

Question 91

What are the origin and insertion of subscapularis?

Answer 91

Medial two thirds if the costal surface of the scapula | Tendon inserts on the lesser tuberosity of the humerus

Question 92

Which nerves and arteries supply subscapularis?

Answer 92

Both subscapular nerves | Subscapular artery

Question 93

How do the tendons of muscles which are responsible for precision movements compare with those which do a lot of work?

Answer 93

Precision - long slender tendons | Work - thick, robust tendons

Question 94

What is the name if the osteotenidnous junction?

Answer 94

Enthesis

Question 95

What is the composition of tendons?

Answer 95

80% ecm | 20% tenocyte cells

Question 96

What are the major components of the ECM of tendons?

Answer 96

Type I collagen Glycoproteins Water Proteoglycans

Question 97

Describe the structure of a tendon?

Answer 97

A tendon is made up of groups of fascicles surrounded by epitenon. Each fascicle is surrounded by endotenon composed of fibres surrounded by paratenon. Each fascicle is composed of mainly type I collagen bands with tenocytes sandwiched in between

Question 98

What is the purpose of the crimping of tendons and how does this come about?

Answer 98

Tendons are flexible because they are crimped The absence of hydroxyproline and proline residues at specific locations in the amino acid sequence of their collagen allows the development of the crimped structure

Question 99

Describe the vascular and nervous supply of a tendon?

Answer 99

Tendons are scarcely innervated | Tendons are vascularised by the perimysium, periosteum and paratenon

Question 100

What are the functions of tendons?

Answer 100

Mechanical force transmission Joint stabilisation Shock absorption to limit muscle damage