Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
What is the axial part of the skeleton?
The part of the skeleton which forms the core of the body
What is the appendicular part of the skeleton?
The part of the skeleton which forms the extremities of the body
What is the endoskeleton?
The inner skeleton
What is cartilage?
An avascular form of connective tissue consisting of extracellular fibres embedded in a matrix which contains chondrocytes localised in small cavities
What is the function of cartilage?
To support soft tissue
Provide smooth gliding surface for bone articulations at joints
Enable development and growth of long bones
What are the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
How is cartilage nourished and why does it have to be nourished in this way?
By diffusion because it has no blood vessels, lymphatics or nerves
What is articular cartilage and what is its function?
Cartilage which surrounds the articular surface of the bone and is needed to act as a shock absorber as compression will occur at these areas
How many vertebrae are there in total?
33
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
How many sacral vertebrae are there?
5 fused
How many fused bones make up the coccyx?
4
What is the name of the cartilage which separates and forms a joint between the vertebrae of the spine?
Intervertebral discs
What is the name of the weight-bearing part of the vertebrae?
Vertebral body
What is the name of the part of the vertebra which can be palpated through the skin?
Spinous process
What is the function of the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra?
Site of attachment for ribs for the thoracic vertebra
What is the name of the parts of the vertebrae which articulate with corresponding parts of adjacent vertebrae?
Superior and inferior processes
What are the names of the first and second cervical vertebrae?
Atlas and axis
How does the atlas differ from other vertebrae?
It lacks a vertebral body
What is the name of the outer zone of the intervertebral disc which has high tensile strength?
Annulus fibrosus
What is the name of the inner part of the intervertebral disc which is a gelatinous structure mainly composed of water?
Nucleus pulposus
What is the function of the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc?
To absorb compression forces between the vertebrae
When pressure is applied to the intervertebral disc, water is released from the nucleus pulposes. T/F?
True - thus the intervertebral disc becomes thinner and this helps to absorb compression forces between the vertebrae
What are the two ligaments which extend from the base of the skull down the vertebrae attaching vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs along their length?
The posterior and anterior longitudinal ligaments
Where are the ligament flava?
Each ligament flava attaches to the posterior surface of a lower vertebra to the anterior surface of the vertebra above
What is the name of the triangular, sheet-like ligament that attaches the axis to the the skull?
Nuchal ligament
To what does the supraspinous ligament attach to?
To the vertebral processes of the vertebrae up to the axis
Which bone articulates superior,y to the radius and ulna?
Humerus
In the anatomical position the radius is medial to the ulna. T/F?
False - the opposite is true
Which bone moves in order to cause supination or pronation?
The radius
Which bone articulates superiorly with the tibia and fibula?
Femur
In the anatomical position, the tibia is medial to the fibula. T/F?
True
When is the metaphysis of a bone recognisable?
Before puberty when the bones are still growing and have note yet fused
On which vertebra does the odontoid peg exist?
The second cervical vertebra
What is the name of the parts of the occipital bone of the skull which articulate with the atlas?
The occipital condyles
Do all digits have the same number of phalanges?
No - the thumb dies not have a middle phalanx
The metacarpal. Ones are number one through to five from the pinkie to the thumb. T/F?
False - they are number one through to five from the thumb to the pinkie
Which bone forms the saddle-shaped joint of the base of the thumb?
The trapezium
What does the femoral head articulate with?
The acetabulum of the hipbone
The lateral malleolus is the distal end of which bone?
The fibula
Which bone is the medial malleolus a part of?
The tibia
Which metatarsal bone forms the lateral border of the foot?
The fifth metatarsal
Which metatarsal bone does the medial cuneiform articulate with?
The second metatarsal
How do the bones of the big toe differ from that of the other toes?
There is no middle phalanx on the big toe
Which regions of the spine exhibit kyphosis?
Thoracic and sacral regions
What is the name of abnormal curvature of the spine?
Scoliosis
At what point does cervical lordosis develop?
6 months after birth to help with lifting of the head
At what point does lumbar lordosis develop?
10-14 months after birth to allow standing and walking
What structures of the vertebrae firm the neural arches?
Pedicles and laminae
What is the purpose of the additional transverse processes on the cervical vertebrae?
To allow the passage of the vertebral artery to the brain
List the layers of the meninges in order of most superficial to most deep.
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
The spinous process of which vertebrae is particularly prominent at the base of the neck?
C7
Which vertebra are the spines of the scapula level with?
T3
Which vertebra is level with the inferior angle of the scapula?
T7
Which surface landmark is used for the level of L4/5 when taking a lumbar puncture?
Iliac crests
Why are vertebral fractures most common at the junction between cervical/thoracic and thoracic/lumbar regions of the spine?
The thoracic region is relatively immobile which results in an increase in bio mechanical stress between stiff and moveable segments
Define muscle tone
A muscle’s resistance to passive stretch
Define muscle power
The tension generated by voluntary contraction
The trapezius muscle originates on the spinous processes of…?
C1-T12
Which nerve innervates the trapezius muscle?
Accessory nerve
What are the actions of the descending portion of the trapezius?
Keeps shoulder girdle up
Titlts scapula for arm elevation
Contralateral rotation of head upon unilateral action
Extension of head upon bilateral action
What are the actions of the horizontal and ascending portions of the trapezius?
Depress and pull the scapula medially
The latissimus dorsi originates from the spinous processes of…?
T7-12
Where does the latissimus dorsi insert?
On the crista tuberculi minoris of the humerus
Shat are the actions of the latissimus dorsi?
Medially rotates arm
Elevates trunk
Depresses the scapula
Which nerve supplies the latissimus dorsi?
Thoraco dorsal nerve
What is the origin and insertion of teres major?
Origin - lateral margin and inferior angle of scapula
Insettion - crista tuberculi minoris of the humerus
What is the action of teres major?
Adduct and medially rotate the arm
Which nerve supplies teres major?
Thoraco dorsal
From the spinous processes of which vertebrae do the rhomboid muscles originate?
Minor rhomboid - c6/7
Major rhomboid T1-4
What is the insertion of the rhomboid muscles?
Medial margin of the scapula
What is the origin and insertion of the levator scapulae muscle?
Origin - Transverse processes of C1-4
Insertion - superior angle of the scapula
Which nerve supplies the levator scapulae muscle?
Dorsal scapular nerve
Which four muscles comprise the rotator cuff?
Supraspinatous
Infraspinatous
Teres minor
Subscapularis
Which muscle is the most powerful lateral rotator of the humerus?
Infraspinatous
Which muscle initiates arm abduction?
Supraspinatous
Which muscle completes arm abduction?
Deltoid
Which nerve innervates the deltoid muscle?
Axillary nerve
Which muscles form the borders of the quadrangular space?
Superior border - teres minor
Inferior border - teres major
Lateral borer - lateral head of triceps
Medial border - long head of triceps
What muscles form the border of the triangular space?
Superior border - teres minor
Inferior border - teres major
Lateral border - long head of triceps
Which nerve passes through the quadrangular space?
Axillary nerve
What are the general functions of the rotator cuff muscles?
Centralise humeral head
Limit superior translation during abduction
Stabilise shoulder joint
What are the origin and insertion of the supraspinatous muscle?
Arises from the supraspinatous fossa and its tendon inserts on the greater tuberosity of the humerus
Which nerves and arteries supply the supraspinatous muscle?
Suprascapular nerve and artery
What are the origin and insertion of infraspinatous?
Infraspinatous fossa
Tendon inserts of greater tuberosity of the humerus
What arteries and nerves supply infraspinatous?
Suprascaular nerve
Suprascapular and circumflex scapular arteries
What are the origin and insertion of teres minor?
Upper two thirds of the lateral border of the scapula
Tendon inserts in greater tuberosity of the humerus
Which nerves and arteries supply teres minor?
Axillary nerve
Posterior circumflex humeral artery and circumflex scapular artery
What are the origin and insertion of subscapularis?
Medial two thirds if the costal surface of the scapula
Tendon inserts on the lesser tuberosity of the humerus
Which nerves and arteries supply subscapularis?
Both subscapular nerves
Subscapular artery
How do the tendons of muscles which are responsible for precision movements compare with those which do a lot of work?
Precision - long slender tendons
Work - thick, robust tendons
What is the name if the osteotenidnous junction?
Enthesis
What is the composition of tendons?
80% ecm
20% tenocyte cells
What are the major components of the ECM of tendons?
Type I collagen
Glycoproteins
Water
Proteoglycans
Describe the structure of a tendon?
A tendon is made up of groups of fascicles surrounded by epitenon.
Each fascicle is surrounded by endotenon composed of fibres surrounded by paratenon.
Each fascicle is composed of mainly type I collagen bands with tenocytes sandwiched in between
What is the purpose of the crimping of tendons and how does this come about?
Tendons are flexible because they are crimped
The absence of hydroxyproline and proline residues at specific locations in the amino acid sequence of their collagen allows the development of the crimped structure
Describe the vascular and nervous supply of a tendon?
Tendons are scarcely innervated
Tendons are vascularised by the perimysium, periosteum and paratenon
What are the functions of tendons?
Mechanical force transmission
Joint stabilisation
Shock absorption to limit muscle damage
