The nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Glial cells- general function

A
  • surround the axon and dendrites of neurons

- provide physical and metabolic support

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2
Q

astrocyte function

A
  • regulate composition of the extracellular fluid in the CNS by removing K+ and neurotransmitters around synapses
  • stimulate formation of tight junctions between cells that make up the walls around capillaries
  • sustain neurons metabolically (provide nutrients and remove waste
  • secrete growth factors
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3
Q

ogliodendrocyte

A

form mylein sheath in the CNS

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4
Q

shwann cells

A

form mylein sheath in the PNS

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5
Q

microglia

A

microphage like cells that peform immune function in the CNS

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6
Q

Mylein

A

-concentric lipid rich layers

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7
Q

direction of calcium, cloride, sodium and pottasium

A

in, in, in, out

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8
Q

glutamate

A

excitatory neurotransmitter important for learning and memory

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9
Q

somatic stimuli

A
  • muscle length and tension

- propioception

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10
Q

visceral stimuli

A

Blood pressure, ph of blood and spinal fluid, oxygen content of blood, lung inflation, osmolarity of body fluids, temperature, glucose levels of blood

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11
Q

somatic senses

A

touch, temperature, pain, itch, propioception

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12
Q

special senses

A

vision, hearing, taste, smell, equilibrium

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13
Q

temporal summation

A

two potentials arriving in a short space of time, rate is increased

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14
Q

spatial summation

A

many ion channels are opened at once

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15
Q

Graded Potential

A
  • changes in membrane potential (hyperpolarising or depolarising) that are confined to a relatively small area of the plasma membrane
  • magnitude can vary and is related to initiation event
  • function as signals only over short distances (unless summation occurs)
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16
Q

NMDA receptor

A
  • opens in response to glutamate, allowing Na and Ca influx
17
Q

Snare proteins

A

initiate movement of vesicles to the membrane during exocytosis of neurotransmitters

18
Q

PNS: somatic

A
  • control of skeletal muscle via motor neurones
19
Q

PNS: Sensory

A
  • relays information to the CNS about the internal and external environment via afferent pathways
20
Q

PNS: autonomic

A
  • regulates smooth muscle and gland function
21
Q

somatic excitation pathway

A
  • consists of one cholinergic neurone; no synapses or ganglia
  • synapses at a skeletal muscle neuromuscular junction consisting of axon terminals and motor end plates (region of skeletal muscle fibre containing many receptors)
  • receptors are always nicotinic choliergic
22
Q

ACh nicotinic receptor action

A

non selective iontropic opening, net excitation

23
Q

slowly adapting receptors

A

neurones which persistently fire action potentials throughout period of stimulation

24
Q

Rapidly adapting receptors

A

only respond when conditions are altered

25
Sympathetic pathway
- short preganglionic neurone: releases ACh which binds to nicotinic receptors - long post ganglionic: releases noradrenaline binds to g protein coupled receptor
26
parasympathetic pathway
long pre-ganglionic neurone: releases ACh which binds to a nicotinic receptor Short post-ganglionic neurone: Releases ACH that binds to muscarinic receptors on the post-synaptic membrane
27
Simple receptor
neurones with free nerve endings
28
complex receptor
nerve enclosed in connective tissue capsule
29
Complex non neural cells
cells that release neurotransmitters onto sensory neurones, initiating an action potential