The Nervous System

Question 1

Somato-Motoric instruction

Answer 1

Befehl an Muskeln

Question 2

Somato sensible feelings

Answer 2

Empfindung aus dem Körper

Question 3

Viscero motoric

Answer 3

Befehl an die Organe

Question 4

Viscero sensible feelings

Answer 4

Empfindung an die Organe

Question 5

Cranial nerves

Answer 5

Connection between brain and body without spinal cord

Coming from cranial nerve nucleus in brain stem (efferent) and ganglia of body (afferent)

Question 6

Spinal nerves

Answer 6

Connection between body and spinal cord

From spinal cord (efferent) and spinal ganglia (afferent)

Question 7

Plexus nerves

Answer 7

Mix of spinal nerves efferent

Question 8

Orientation

Answer 8

Anterior (rostral)
Posterior (caudal)
Inferior (ventral)
Superior (rücken)

Question 9

Caudal Equina

Answer 9

Tail of axons, stopping at L1/L2

Question 10

Spinal cord; Gray matter (Somata)

Answer 10

Ventral Horn (motor neurons)
Dorsal Horn (sensory neurons)
Lateral Horn (sympathetic neurons)

Question 11

Spinal cord; White matter (Axons surrounded by myelin)

Answer 11

Dorsal column (afferent)
Ventral column (Both/ mostly efferent)
Lateral column

Question 12

Liquor System

Answer 12

4 Ventricles: 2at side/temporal; 3,4 central
Filling space betw. skull and brain in vertebrae
Cushion for cortex, metabolic garbage, fluid exchange 3 times a day

Question 13

Brain stem (vital functions)

Answer 13

Pons
Medulla Oblongata
Formatio reticularis
Mesencephalon/ midbrain

Question 14

Pons (middle)

Answer 14

Connection to cerebellum and telencephalon

Question 15

Medulla Oblongata

Answer 15

Vegetative functions:

blood pressure, circulatory system

Question 16

Formatio reticularis

Answer 16

Group of neurons, linked to important brain areas
Synthesis of serotonin and adrenalin
Filtering stimuli
Orientation, perception of position in space, locomotion

Question 17

Mesencephalon (midbrain)

Answer 17

Tectum (roof); reflexes in eye and head
Tegmentum: pain perception 
-> (Substania nigra: movement) 
-> (Nucleus ruber: fine motor skills)
Cerebral Crura: motor tracts, efferent for voluntary movement

Question 18

Cerebellum

Answer 18

2 Hemisphere + cerebellar vemis

• fine motor skill coordination
• implicit learning of movement pattern
• vegetative coordination

Question 19

Diencephalon

Answer 19

Thalamus
Epithalamus + epiphysis
Hypothalamus + pituitary gland

Question 20

Thalamus

Answer 20

• gate to consciousness
• Specific thalamus nuclei(memory, emotion, motivation)
• Sensory nuclei (sorting/filtering perceptions but smell)
• Motoric nuclei (coordination between cerebellum& basal ganglia=)
• Unspecific nuclei (arousal, sleep rhythm)

Question 21

Epithalamus + epiphysis

Answer 21

Synthesising Melatonin from Serotonin

-Photoreceptors collaterals to optic tract

Question 22

Hypophyse

Answer 22

• Controlling functions of inner organs (adaption to emotion)

Question 23

Telencephalon

Answer 23

Basal Ganglia

Somata (gray matter), core/mark (white matter)

Question 24

Direct Pathway of BG

Answer 24

Cerebral cortex arousing -> BG inhibiting thalamus -> arousing cortex –> fluent movements/cognitive processes

Question 25

Indirect Pathway of BG

Answer 25

inhibition of inhibited thalamus -> inhibition of cortex -> no fluent movements

Question 26

Pathway I

Answer 26

Nigrostriatal (connecting substantia nigra and dorsal striatium, part of BG motor loop) Mesolimbic (reward pathway, Dopaminergic addiction)

Question 27

Pathway II

Answer 27

Mesocortical: cognitive control, motivation, emotional response (schizophrenia) Tuberofundibular: regulation of ecretion of prolactin from anterior pituitary

Question 28

Limbic System

Answer 28

Hippocampus Cingulate gyrus Amygdala (frontal end of hypothalamus) - protected by temporal lobe

Question 29

Cingulate gyrus

Answer 29

- Anterior (Attention, pain processing ACC) - > Cingulotomy (cut through ACC-> Tourette syndrome, change in personality) - Posterior (not part of limbic system)

Question 30

Amygdala

Answer 30

Basolaterale Amygdala (Sensory Inf. input from thalamus, frontal-, lateral lobe Increased attention fight/flight, fear conditioning

Question 31

Isocortex

Answer 31

6 layers different in thickness, composition density off: - pyramid cells - granule cells - spindle-cells - Afferent signals (2&4), Efferent signals (3&5)

Question 32

Allocortex

Answer 32

Paleocortex (smelling), Archicortex (hippocampus)

Question 33

Primary cortex

Answer 33

first processing of signals

Question 34

Secondary cortex

Answer 34

More complex processing of singals

Question 35

Tertiary cortex (association)

Answer 35

integration of different modalities

Question 36

Occipital lobe

Answer 36

Seeing

Question 37

Temporal lobe

Answer 37

hearing

Question 38

Parietal lobe

Answer 38

tactile sense

Question 39

Frontal Lobe

Answer 39

Movement, Action, Decision

Question 40

Fibres

Answer 40

Commissure: Axonal connection via corpus callosum Association: Connecting cortex areas (network)(long) Projection: Afferent & Efferent signals from & to periph

Question 41

BA4 in primary motor cortex in sulcus centralis

Answer 41

Somatotopy (body-place); homunculus overlapping

Question 42

BA6 in premotor cortex in frontal lobe

Answer 42

-planning of movement, memory of sequence

Question 43

BA8 in frontal lobe

Answer 43

voluntary eye movement

Question 44

BA 44/45 in frontal lobe

Answer 44

Speaking (left hemisphere) | cognitive functions

Question 45

BA 9,10,11,46,47 in frontal lobe

Answer 45

working memory, action planning, attention, behavior

Question 46

BA 1,2,3 in parietal lobe

Answer 46

Afferent signals from thalamus,, spinal cord (touch, pain, temperature) Somatosensory homunculus

Question 47

BA 40,43 in parietal lobe

Answer 47

Secondary somatosensory cortex

Question 48

BA 17 in occipital lobe

Answer 48

optic radiation | Retinotopy (relations from retina)

Question 49

BA 18,19 in occiptal lobe

Answer 49

more complex progressing

Question 50

BA 41,42 in temporal lobe

Answer 50

Signals from thalamus . acoustic radiation Tronotopy

Question 51

BA 22 in temporal lobe

Answer 51

more complex progression

Question 52

Insula in lateral sulcus

Answer 52

Processing and control of vegetative and visceral system