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Psycholoogische Biologie > Information Processing > Flashcards

Information Processing Flashcards

1
Q

Pathway of information in neurons

A

Dendrites: intake of information
Nucleus: information processing
Axon: transport/ conduction of information
Presynaptic terminal: information transfer

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2
Q

Synapses

A

weakening/strengthening and integration of signals
electrical
chemical

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3
Q

Electrical Synapses

A 
Gap junction
No transmitter, controlled by charge
Close membranes, connected by ion pipe
Synchronization of cells with same function
Reciprocal, without delay, no processing
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4
Q

Chemical

A

Neurotransmitter to synaptic cleft, only one direction

Slower, but complex signal processing

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5
Q

Structure of chemical synapses

A

Presynaptic terminal (Mitochondria, Vesicles with neurotransmitter, sending neuron)
Synaptic cleft
Subsynaptic membrane as part of postsynaptic membrane (receptors)

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6
Q

Transfer at chemical synpase

A

AP coming in at presynaptic terminal -> dumping of neurotransmitter in synaptic cleft
NT reaching receptor -> change of permeability -> potential shift
Amount of transmitter binding if inhibiting or exciting

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7
Q

Principles of neurotransmitter

A

Short distance, only between two cells via dendrites

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8
Q

Vesicles

A

From Golgi-apparatus -> fusion with cell membrane -> into synaptic cleft
Main and co-transmitters

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9
Q

Calcium Ions

A

Release of neurotransmitters only if enough CA2+ in extracellular fluid
AP -> new membrane potential at presynaptic terminal -> CA2+ channels opening -> CA2+ coming in -> if enough intracellular fluid fusion of vesicles and cell membrane

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10
Q

Receptors and ligands

A

Change in shape when binding
One to many, many to one affinity
Medicines similar sjape

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11
Q

Ligand-gated ion channels

A

Direct, type I, building own ion channel
Conformation change to open by NT
Selective, fast (sensory and motor system)

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12
Q

Metabotropic receptors

A

slower, but more variable
Indirect, type II
G Protein attached to Membran protein on inside -> NT binding with protein -> open channels

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13
Q

Auto receptors

A

Presynaptic membrane

Feedback (own transmitter release)

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14
Q

Chemical characteristics of NT

A

Monoamines
Amino Acids
Peptides

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15
Q

Acetycholin

A

Excitatory transmitter in PNS

important in motor function, vegetative system, glands

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16
Q

Glutamate

A

most important NT in brain, stimulate for learning

17
Q

GABA

A

most important inhibiting NT in brain

18
Q

4 conditions from thousands of incoming signals

A

Neutralisation
Hyperpolarisation
Depolarisation
Depolarisation until AP+ threshold exceeded

19
Q

Tetanic potentation

A

Tetanic stimulation: fast, repetitive at nerve/muscle cell
Potentiation: Over-proportional increase of effect at postsynapse
Posttetanic petentiation: effect lasting longer than stimulation

20
Q

Depression mechanism

A

Presynaptic depression: Decrease of subsynaptic reaction -> lass vesicle -> repetitive stimulation
Receptor desensitisation: when constantly high concentration of neurotransmitters -> receptor resistant/ no effect

21
Q

Divergence

A

Many target cells aroused by one neuron (fine and gross motors skills, motor units redundance)

22
Q

Convergence

A

Many terminals at dendrite

23
Q

Presynaptic inhibition

A

While AP: CI- channels open-> neutralisation of CA2+

Before AP: Hyperpolarisation so depolarisation is difficu

24
Q

Descending Inhibition

A

Cushioning pain

25
Q

Onward Inhibition

A

by an interneuron (inhibition of antagonist muscle)

26
Q

Backward inhibition

A

inhibition of neuron that aroused inhibiting one

27
Q

Lateral Inhibition

A

Inhibition of neighbouring neurons -> higher contrast

28
Q

Membrane Potential

A

Different concentration in intra-extracellular fuid
Intra = - (KA+, A-, Na+, Cl-) Extra = + (Na+, Cl-)
Different sorts of ions and different ions concentration

29
Q

Membrane permeability

A

Membran potential not possible if cell membrane permeable for every ion -> ion channel
High permeability for K+, Cl- low for NA+

30
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

Potential: From same charged to negative charged (Na+ via sodium-potassium)
Concentration Gradient: Diffusion (osmotic pressre)

31
Q

Ion transport

A

Active: Using ATP, sodium potassium pump
Passive: No ATP, free diffusion, feasible diffusio
Alongside Membrane (Passive/Active Conduction)

32
Q

Passive/Active Conduction

A

Passive: (depolarisation, short distances, very fast, but loosing)
Active: (AP by nerve impulse, long distances, self-reinforcing, all or non law)

33
Q

Refractory Phase

A

Absolute: During Depolarisation (impossible to trigger another AP)
Relative: (during late repolarisation and hyperpolarisation, stronger stimulus the more frequent AP’s)

34
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

Solution for electrical isolation

Saltatory Conduction

Psycholoogische Biologie (11 decks)

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