The Nervous, Muscular, and Skeletal Systems (Chapter 5 ; Section 3) Flashcards
The collective components and structures that work together to move the body: muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems.
Human movement system (HMS)
A concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement.
Kinetic chain
The terms human movement system and kinetic chain are synonymous. The term kinetic chain refers to how muscles, bones and joints, and nerves are linked together (forming a chain) to create movement (kinetic).
A network of specialized cells called neurons that transmit and coordinate signals, providing a communication network within the human body.
Nervous system
The nervous system has many functions, such as providing sensory information (e.g., pain, sight, taste) to our brain, stimulating human movement through muscle contractions, and keeping the heart and organs functioning.
Specialized cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system.
Neuron
Billions of neurons make up the complex structure of the nervous system. These cells provide the nervous system with the ability to communicate with itself, as well as with the outside environment.
Neurons are composed of three main parts: cell body, axon, and dendrites.
Cellular structure or organelle that contains the majority of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes.
Nucleus
Tiny cellular structures that perform specific functions within a cell. Examples include nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum.
Organelles
The parts of the cell that use nutrients to create energy for the cell; commonly known as the powerhouses of the cell.
Mitochondria
A part of the body, such as a muscle or organ, that receives a signal from a neuron to produce a physiological response.
Effector sites
Minerals that have an electrical charge to help transmit nerve impulses throughout the body, such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium.
Electrolytes
A division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.
Central nervous system (CNS)
Nerves that connect the rest of the body to the central nervous system.
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Sensory pathway that relays information to the central nervous system.
Afferent pathway
Peripheral nerves serve two main functions. First, they provide sensory information (e.g., sight, smell, touch, taste) from the rest of the body up to the CNS via the afferent pathway (i.e., the sensory pathway).
A motor pathway that relays information from the central nervous system to the rest of the body.
Efferent pathway
the peripheral nerves relay information from the CNS back down to the rest of the body via the efferent pathway (i.e., the motor pathway).
Neurons located within the spinal cord and brain that transmit impulses between afferent and efferent neurons.
Interneurons
Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves.
Mechanoreceptors
Nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle and are largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement.
Somatic nervous system
NERVOUS SYSTEM SUBDIVISIONS
Two subdivisions of the PNS include the somatic and autonomic nervous systems
A division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural input to organs that run the involuntary processes of the body (e.g., circulating blood, digesting food, producing hormones).
Autonomic nervous system
NERVOUS SYSTEM SUBDIVISIONS
Two subdivisions of the PNS include the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
….these things happen without a person having to consciously think about them thanks to the autonomic nervous system.
The autonomic system is then further subdivided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase neural activity and put the body in a heightened state.
Sympathetic nervous system
During exercise, the sympathetic nervous system works to increase neural activity and signals different endocrine organs to release hormones, such as adrenaline, that increase heart rate, breathing, and alertness.
This process is often termed fight or flight, where the body is put into a more excited (i.e., heightened) state in anticipation of an increase in activity.
Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state.
Parasympathetic nervous system
The parasympathetic nervous system has the opposite effect and works to decrease neural activity by suspending the release of excitatory hormones. This puts the body in a more relaxed state, which is often termed rest and digest. Both systems work together to balance bodily functions and manage interactions with the surrounding world
Ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment.
Sensory function
Sensory feedback, both internal and external, travels from the PNS to the CNS through the afferent pathway
The body’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts.
Proprioception
Training the body’s proprioceptive abilities can improve balance, coordination, and posture and enable the body to adapt to its surroundings without consciously thinking about what movement is most appropriate for any given situation.
The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision-making, which produces an appropriate response.
Integrative function
The neuromuscular (or nervous and muscular systems) response to the integrated sensory information.
Motor function
Motor function is then the body’s response (via the efferent pathway) to that integrated sensory information, such as causing a muscle to contract when stretched too far or changing one’s walking pattern when transitioning from walking on a sidewalk to walking in the sand.
Sensory receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change.
Muscle spindles
When a specific muscle is stretched, the spindles within that muscle are also stretched, which in turn conveys information about its length to the CNS through sensory neurons. Once information from muscle spindles reaches the brain, it can then determine the position of various body parts.
Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening.
Stretch reflex
The stretch reflex is a normal response by the body to a stretch stimulus in the muscle.
A specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change.
Golgi tendon organ (GTO)
Activation of Golgi tendon organs will cause the muscle to relax, which prevents the muscle from excessive stress and possible injury.
The functions of both the muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs are highly important in relation to flexibility training.
Receptors located in and around the joint capsule that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint.
Joint receptors
These receptors act to signal extreme joint positions and help to prevent injury.
The concept that the brain will continually change or grow, reforming neural pathways throughout an individual’s entire life span.
Neuroplasticity
neuronal changes
The interconnection of neurons in the brain and spinal cord.
Neurocircuitry
neuronal connections
Specific movements through the coordinated effort of the sensory and motor subsystems.
Motor skills
The development of motor skills is best understood as a three-stage process:
Stage 1 (cognitive): The client is just learning a skill. They understand the goals of the skill and develop movement strategies and can perform the skill but with inconsistent performance.
Stage 2 (associative): The client begins to understand the skill. Through practice, they refine the skill and movement strategy and can perform the skill with less error.
Stage 3 (autonomous): The client has mastered the skill. They perform the skill consistently with no error and independently modify the skill without error.
Which of the following is one of the three integrated systems in the human movement system?
A. The respiratory system
B. The nervous system
C. The lymphatic system
D. The integumentary system
The nervous system
A description of the bones of the body.
Skeletal system
A condition of reduced bone mineral density, which increases risk of bone fracture.
Osteoporosis
The sites where two bones meet and movement occurs as a result of muscle contraction.
Joints
A division of the skeletal system consisting of the skull, the rib cage, and the vertebral column.
Axial skeleton
A division of the skeletal system consisting of the arms, legs, and pelvic girdle.
Appendicular skeleton
