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Principles > The Nature of Infection > Flashcards

The Nature of Infection Flashcards

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1
Q

What is another word to describe bacteria?

A

Eubacteria

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2
Q

What is another word to describe eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryia

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3
Q

What is the definition of protozoa?

A

Single celled animals, eukaryotes

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4
Q

What is the definition of fungi?

A

Higher plant like organisms, Eukaryotes

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5
Q

What is the definition of bacteria?

A

Generally small, single celled prokaryotes.

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6
Q

What is the definition of viruses?

A

Very small obligate parasites, non-living

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7
Q

What are 8 identifiable characteristics of eukaryotes?

A
  • Size 5-50mms
  • Complex (Compartmental)
  • Frequently multi-cellular
  • Linear chromosome + Histones
  • Introns/Exons
  • 80S Ribosomes
  • No/Flexible Cell wall (sterols)
  • Cell cycle (mitosis/meiosis)
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8
Q

What are 8 identifiable characteristics of a prokaryote?

A
  • Size 0.5-10mms
  • Simple (relatively)
  • Often single celled
  • Single circular chromosome
  • Gene structure (introns rare)
  • 70S Ribosomes Co-transcription/translation
  • Rigid cell walls (PG)
  • Rapid cell cycle
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9
Q

What are the classic 3 Domains (Carl Woese’s three-domain tree)?

A

Bacteria
Archaea (Euryarchaeota and Cenarchaeota)
Eukarya

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10
Q

What is the new two domain tree?

A

Bacteria

Tack (Eury-, Thaum-, Algar-, Cren-, Eukarya, Archaea (Korarchaeota))

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11
Q

What are 16 things that make up the structure of a cell?

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Nucleus
  • Centriole/ Centrosome
  • Nucleolus/ Ribosomes
  • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
  • Cytosol
  • Mitochondria
  • Golgi
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Secretory Vesicles, Lysosomes
  • Plasma membrane
  • Cell wall (Peptidoglycan)
  • Nucleoid (DNA & associated proteins)
  • Ribosomes
  • Cytoplasm
  • Capsule, Flagellar, Pili
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12
Q

What are 4 things that a nucleoid contains?

A
  • Contains DNA and proteins
  • No nuclear membrane
  • Chromosomes single circular molecule
  • Primitive DNA segregation machinery
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13
Q

What is the process of energy generation in cytoplasmic membrane?

A

Electrons released from high energy compounds in cytoplasm.
Reach membrane and passed through a series of electron acceptors.
As a consequence protons passed outside the membrane producing a +ve charge and proton gradient across the membrane

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14
Q

What are 5 features of a cell wall in a gram positive bacteria?

A
  • Rigid layer
  • Barrier
  • Repeated polysaccharide structure
  • Gram +ve. Thick multi-layer PG
  • Target of penicillin

Gram positive have a thick cell wall. Gram negative bacteria have a thin cell wall

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15
Q

What are 5 features of a cell wall in a gram negative bacteria?

A
  • Rigid layer
  • Barrier
  • Repeated polysaccharide structure
  • Gram-ve
    • outer membrane
    • Periplasm
    • Thinner PG layer
  • Target of Penicillin
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16
Q

What is the role of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)?

A
  • Gm-ve
    • Outer membrane asymmetric
    • Surface nearly all LPS
      Glycolipid
    • lipid A
    • Core polysaccharide, O-chain/antigen

Structural role
Antigen and bacterial toxin

17
Q

What is the Cell Wall (Peptidoglycan) composed of?

A

N-acetyl muramic acid (NAM) and N-acetyl Glucosamine (NAG)

It is a gram-negative single layer

18
Q

What are 5 features of a gram positive cell wall (Peptidoglycan)?

A
  • Rigid layer
  • Barrier
  • Repeated polysaccharide structure
  • Gram +ve
    • Thick multi-layer PG
  • Target of penicillin
    Gram positive cell walls are thick.
19
Q

What are 5 features of a gram negative cell wall (Peptidoglycan)?

A
  • Rigid layer
  • Barrier
  • Repeated polysaccharide structure
  • Gram-ve
    • Outer membrane
    • Periplasm
    • Thinner PG layer
  • Target of Penicillin
    Gram negative cell walls are thin.
20
Q

What are the roles of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)?

A
  • Gm-ve (gram negative)
    • Outer membrane asymmetric
    • Surface nearly all LPS
  • Glycolipid
    • lipid A
    • Core polysaccharide, O-chain/antigen

Structural role
Antigen and bacterial toxin

21
Q

What are Flagella and Fimbriae and what are their roles?

A
  • Gm-ve and Gm+ve
  • Arrangement
  • Developmental stage
  • Flagellin
    • protein unit making up a multi stranded filament with core
  • Gm+ve Fimbriae
    • non-flagella protein appendages
  • Gm-ve Pilus
    • no motor, Pilin repeated protein unit.

Adherence and sex

22
Q

What varies between different Bacterial Pili?

A

Length, number, arrangement, shape and functions vary.

23
Q

What is the role of Prokaryotic Protein Synthesis and what is the chain of processes that lead to the formation of a protein?

A 
The target of several classes of antibiotic.
Distinct proteins.
Co-transcription/ translation.
Cytoplasmic membrane.
No polyadenylation of transcript.
Target for antibiotics.
Gene (DNA)
Transcription
mRNA (DNA dependent RNA polymerase)
Ribosome (tRNA)
Translation
Protein
2nd, 3rd, 4th structure
Export/Assembly/ Processing
24
Q

What is the process of planktonic growth?

A

Most bacteria don’t exist on their own, most exist in communities
(Development; Complex colony formation & Biofilms)
Multicellularity; Colony development & differentiation.
Multicellularity leads to a more sophisticated approach.

25
Q

What structures form the basic structure or Prokaryotes?

A
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cytoplasmic or plasma membrane
  • cell wall
  • Outer membrane and LPS
  • Chromosome
  • Ribosome
  • Pilli, Fimbriae, and Flagella
  • Sonication and Ethanol
  • Penicillin and Glycopeptides
  • Antibiotic uptake and inflammation
  • Gyrases antibiotic target
  • Protein synthesis inhibitors
  • Attachment, motility, invasion, sex and pathology.
26
Q

What food do prokaryotes use for prokaryotic growth?

A

Food

  • C source organic e.g. proteins/sugars inorganic e.g. fix CO2.
  • O&H, N source, e.g. Amino acid Ammonia Inorganic salts P, S, K, Mg, Ca, Fe
  • Trace elements Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni, Mo
  • Vitamins (small organic cofactors) e.g. Biotin Folic Acid, Niacin.
27
Q

What factors affect the rate of prokaryotic growth?

A 
Food
Temperature
- Psycrophiles (low temp)
- Thermophiles (high temp)
- Mesophiles (body temp)
Hydrogen Ion Conc.
Osmotic protection
- NaCl
Oxygen
- Aerobes
- Micro-aerobes
- Facultative anaerobes
- Obligate Anaerobes
- Capnophilic
28
Q

What are the phases of a bacterial growth curve?

A

Lag phase
Exponential Phase
Stationary Phase
Decline Phase

Principles (57 decks)

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