Introduction to the Reproductive system Flashcards
Revision
Gametes are haploid cells. What is the definition of a haploid cell?
A haploid cell has half of the genetic information (chromosomal set) that it requires for an individual to survive.
What are examples of haploid cells?
Male - spermatozoa
Female - oocyte or ovum
what are examples of gonads?
Male - testes
Female - Ovaries
During fertilisation a diploid cell (zygote) is produced. What is the definition of a diploid cell?
A diploid cell has a combination of gametes of the opposite sexes. They have a full complement of chromosomes.
In normal fertilization where do the gametes move to?
This is where the ovum moves from the ovary to the ampulla of the uterine tube. Many spermatozoa move from the testis to vagina.
Where does the pelvic cavity lie?
The pelvic cavity lies within the bony pelvis.
It is continuous with the abdominal cavity.
Between the pelvic inlet and the pelvic outlet.
What is the pelvic inlet?
It is the way into the pelvic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
(It is a circle of bones).
What is the pelvic outlet?
The way into the perineum from the pelvis.
What is the pelvic floor?
The pelvic floor is the internal wall of skeletal muscle.
It separates the pelvic cavity and perineum.
What is the location of the perineum?
The perineum is inferior to the pelvic floor.
It lies between proximal parts of lower limbs.
What are the openings in the pelvic floor?
Distal alimentary
Reproductive and renal tracts can pass through.
The male reproductive and renal tracts share an opening.
What is the pelvic roof formed by?
Parietal peritoneum
What is the location of the parietal peritoneum?
It is in the lining of the abdominal cavity. It is firmly attached to walls. Drapes over pelvic viscera.
What is the rectouterine pouch/pouch of douglas?
It is the most inferior part of the peritoneal cavity in an upright female patient.
Any abnormal fluid in the peritoneal cavity will collect in the pouch of douglas in the upright position.
What is another name for the urinary tract in females?
External urethral orifice
What is another name for the female genital tract in females?
Vaginal orifice.
What is another name for the anus in females?
Gastrointestinal tract.
What are the female reproductive organs?
Ovaries
they are the primary organs
What are the female accessory reproductive organs?
Uterine tubes = Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina
The body of the uterus has 3 layers. What are they called?
Perimetrium is the very outer layer of the uterus
Myometrium is the muscular inner layer
Endometrium is the internal lining
What is the fimbriae of the uterine tube?
It is an opening into the peritoneal cavity
What is the process of Fertilisation and Menstruation?
- Ova develops in ovaries
- Each menstrual cycle, 1 ovum (usually but can be more) is released from surface of ovary into peritoneal cavity.
- Ovum is gathered by fimbriae into infundibulum of uterine tube.
- Moved along uterine tube by cilia
- During menstruation, an unfertilised ovum is expelled by contractions of the myometrium.
Where does fertilisation usually occur?
The ampulla
Where does implantation usually occur?
In the body of the uterus.
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
This is where a fertilised ovum implants out with the uterine cavity. 97% of the time it is a tubal pregnancy. It can also be an abdominal pregnancy (the baby and mother can survive although normally the baby will not survive in an abdominal pregnancy).
What happens if sexually transmitted diseases exit the uterine tubes?
It causes peritonitis.
What are the different forms of female sterilisation or tubal ligation?
Both uterine tubes can be clipped, cut or cauterised which blocks the lumen.
STI’s can also cause infertility by damaging/occluding (blocking) the uterine tubes.
What is the anatomical position of the penis?
erect.
what is the role of the urethra?
Its for passing urine and ejaculation of sperm.
What is another name for the foreskin?
Prepuce.
What is the development process for testes?
During development the testis originate on the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity.
By birth, they have descended into the scrotum.
They pass through the anterior abdominal wall though the inguinal canal.
What is the Vas (Vas Deferens)?
This is the tube that sperm pass through and follows the testis into the scrotum.
The Vas connects the testis to (almost) the urethra.
How do the testis get their blood supply and lymphatic system?
From the abdomen.
Where are sperm produced?
Seminiferous tubules.
What are the conditions in the seminiferous tubules?
The temperature is around 1oC below core body temperature.
Dartos muscle helps to control temperature.
1500 sperm are produced every second.
It takes a sperm 64 days to mature.
(The testis need to be kept outside the body to maintain the temperature about 1oC below the core body temperature.
The dartos muscle can contract and take the testis closer into the body when it’s colder).
Where do the sperm pass into from the seminiferous tubules?
They pass into the rete testis and then into the head of the epididymis. From there, it passes into the tail of the epididymis which then becomes the vas deferens.
what does the spermatic cord contain?
Vas deferens
Testicular artery
Pampiniform plexus of veins
What is torsion of testis?
It is the twisting of the spermatic cord. This disrupts the blood supply which causes severe pain and causes a danger of testicular necrosis.
What is the role of the prostatic urethra?
- Drains urine from the bladder
2. Passes semen in ejaculation
What happens to the 3 cylinders of erectile tissue at arterial pressure during erection?
3 cylinders of erectile tissue become filled with blood at arterial pressure during erection.
What are the male reproductive organs?
Testes
What are accessory reproductive organs?
The Vas Deferens, seminal glands and penis
Where are the testes located?
In the scrotum
Where does the sperm develop?
In the testes
The sperm pass from the testes via what?
The vas deferens.
Where does each spermatic cord pass through to reach the pelvic cavity?
Each spermatic cord passes through the anterior abdominal wall within the inguinal canal to reach the pelvic cavity.
Within the pelvis what does each vas deferens connect with to form an ejaculatory duct?
Within the pelvis each vas deferens connects with the duct from a seminal gland (produces seminal fluid) to form an ejaculatory duct containing semen (semen = sperm & seminal fluid)
What drain’s into the urethra?
The right and left ejaculatory ducts join together within the prostate gland (immediately inferior to the bladder) and drain into the urethra.
Where does the urethra open?
The urethra opens at the external urethral meatus of the penis.
What is the process of a vasectomy?
The vas deferens in transected and it’s lumen sutured closed (bilaterally)
(It would have to the tied at both sides)
What is the pelvis?
It is a combination of a bony structure and the peritoneum
Is the perineum found in both genders or just one?
It is found in both male and female.
What is the process of the female reproductive system?
Menstruation
Fertilisation
Ectopic pregnancy
Female sterilisation
What is the process of the male reproductive system?
Teste development
Spermatogenesis
Male sterilisation
