Fertilization to Trilaminar Embryo Flashcards

Revision

1
Q

What is the process of fertilization?

A
  1. Sperm binds I a human specific interaction with the zona pellucida glycoprotein (ZP3).
  2. Acrosomal enzymes released from sperm head; the sperm digests its way into egg.
  3. Egg and sperm plasma membrane fuse and sperm contents enter the egg.
  4. Sperm entry triggers: - completion of meiosis 2
    - release of cortical granules by oocyte.
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2
Q

What is the only self propulsive cell in the body?

A

Sperm, so requires a large proportion of ATP.

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3
Q

Where does fertilization typically occur?

A

Fertilization typically occurs in the ampulla of the uterine tube.

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4
Q

How long does it take for the fertilized egg to get from the ampulla to the uterus?

A

It takes about 6 days.

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5
Q

Zygotes undergo a series of what type of divisions?

A

mitotic divisions.

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6
Q

What do the mitotic divisions do to the zygote?

A

They subdivide the fertilised egg into many smaller daughter cells called blastomeres.

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7
Q

Up to what cell stage are blastomeres thought to be totipotent?

A

Up to the 8 cell stage blastomeres are thought to be totipotent.
After 8 cells they are said to be pluripotent.

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8
Q

What is the definition of mosaicism?

A

It’s individuals with two or more cell lines with different chromosomal complements.

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9
Q

What is mitotic nondisjunction?

A

failure either of two homologous chromosomes to pass to separate cells during the first meiotic division, or of the two chromatids of a chromosome to pass to separate cells during mitosis or during the second meiotic division. As a result, one daughter cell has two chromosomes or two chromatids, and the other has none.
This can occur in the early division of the zygote.
This can result in a zygote with trisomy 21 (Which is the most common form of down syndrome). Some cells will have a normal complement of cells and some with trisomy. Therefore they will show less prominent features.

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10
Q

What is a morula?

A

A morula is what the zygote is called once it has 16+ blastomeres.

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11
Q

What is the compaction of the morula?

A

Cells are confined within the zona pellucida (ZP).
They maximise the space by coming into closer contact with each other and begin to form cell junctions. Outer cells (in contact with ZP) form extensive gap junctions. Fluid enters through the ZP.

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12
Q

What are 4 parts that make up a blastocyst?

A

Trophoblast
Blastocyst cavity
Inner cell mass
Zona pellucida

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13
Q

What does the inner cell mass eventually give rise to?

A

The embryo proper/embryoblast, amnion and yolk sac.

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14
Q

What will the trophoblast eventually form?

A

The placenta

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15
Q

Embryos can interact with what for implantation?

A

Embryos can interact directly with the endometrial lining of the uterus for implantation.

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16
Q

Eventually the blastocyst hatches from the zona pellucida why?

A

In order to get rid of the restrictive zona pellucida as it prohibits it from increasing in size.

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17
Q

When and where does implantation usually occur?

A

It typically occurs by day 6, on the posterior or anterior uterine wall.

18
Q

In a bilaminar embryo day 7.5 Syncytiotrophoblast produces what and why is it important?

A

It produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). This can be produced as early as the second week.
This is the basis for pregnancy tests and stimulates corpus luteum.

19
Q

In a bilaminar embryo day 7.5 what does a trophoblast divide into and when?

A

When the bilaminar embryo touches the endometrial wall, the trophoblast divides into: Cytotrophoblast (Cyto = cell - made of individual cells)
Syncytiotrophoblast (Syncytium = single multinucleated cell).

20
Q

In a Bilaminar embryo day 7.5 the embryo begins to organise into 2 cell layers, what are these?

A

Epiblast (The dorsal surface of the embryo where the cells are tall and columnar) and Hypoblast (The ventral surface of the embryo where the cells are more cuboidal).

21
Q

What feature begins to form in a bilaminar embryo day 7.5?

A

The abdominal cavity.

22
Q

What has happened by day 9 in a bilaminar embryo?

A

Implantation is complete and there is closure the fibrin coagulum.
Vacuoles appear in the syncytiotrophoblast and unite to form lacunae.
There is also the formation of two cavities:
Amniotic cavity (epiblast) (this gets a bit bigger)
Primitive yolk sac (hypoblast).
There is some apoptosis that creates holes/vacuoles.

23
Q

What happens in a day 12 Bilaminar embryo?

A

There is establishment of the uteroplacental circulation. The embryo gets it’s nutrients through diffusion.
Maternal blood flows into lacunae to diffuse to the embryoblast.
Extraembryonic mesoderm develops and eventually degenerates.
Forming the chorionic cavity. increase in cell structure.

24
Q

What happens in a bilaminar embryo at day 13?

A

There is further development of the chorionic cavity and presence of connecting stalk (eventually umbilical cord).
Second wave of hypoblast cells migrate to form the definitive (secondary) yolk sac.
All the holes that were surrounding the embryo have merged to form the extraembryonic cavity.

25
Q

What happens to the embryo’s circulation once its implants to the uterine wall?

A

Uteroplacental circulation forms as syncytiotrophoblast extends and contacts maternal blood supply.

26
Q

Where is the amniotic cavity present in an implanted embryo?

A

The amniotic cavity is present above the bilaminar embryonic disc and the definitive yolk sac below.

27
Q

A chorionic cavity develops in an implanted embryo. Where is it located?

A

It encircles the entire embryo.

28
Q

What is the chorionic cavity?

A

It is the space surrounding the primary yolk sac and the amniotic sac.

29
Q

What is the definition of ectopic pregnancy?

A

It is where implantation of the embryo occurs in a location outside the uterus. It is very dangerous and potentially life-threatening.

30
Q

What are some of the abnormal sites that ectopic embryo’s implant in?

A
Ovary
Uterine tube (Various locations within this)
Peritoneum
(90% of ectopic pregnancies occur in the fallopian tubes. It starts to create an area around it that is filled with blood. If it implants in an area not designed to expand to the size the embryo requires, then it will rupture. If it implants in the right fallopian tube, this can mimic the pain of appendicitis).
31
Q

What happens in week 3 of embryo development?

A

The primitive streak appears in midline at caudal end of epiblast.
The cranial end of the primitive streak = Primitive pit and Node.

32
Q

What is the definition of gastrulation?

A

It is the movement of epiblast cells through the primitive streak to form the three primary germ layers.
(This is where we go from 2 layers to 3. The 3 layers are the springboard from where systems are formed, the 3rd layer formed is the ectoderm).

33
Q

How are body axes established?

A

They are established by the presence of primitive streak.

34
Q

During gastrulation, Hypoblast cells are replaced by?

A

Hypoblast cells are replaced by the definitive endoderm.

35
Q

During gastrulation, cells migrate through what?

A

Cells migrate through the primitive streak between the epiblast and the definitive endoderm.
The epiblast becomes ectoderm.
2 germ layers become 3 (trilaminar embryo).
These 3 layers are the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.

36
Q

What derives from the ectoderm?

A

The epidermis of skin, hair, nails, associated glands.

The entire nervous system also derives from the ectoderm e.g. brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves.

37
Q

What happens to the mesoderm?

A
The mesoderm becomes divided into 3 regions either side of the notochord. These are called:
Paraxial mesoderm
Intermediate mesoderm
Lateral plate mesoderm:
- Somatic layer
- Visceral layer
38
Q

What is the fate of the paraxial mesoderm?

A

Axial skeleton, voluntary (skeletal) muscle, parts of the dermis (back).
(It forms all skeletal muscles from the neck down and forms a dermis).

39
Q

What is the fate of the intermediate mesoderm?

A

Urogenital systems

  • Kidney and ureter
  • Gonads and associated structures
40
Q

What is the fate of the lateral plate mesoderm, somatic part?

A

It creates most of the dermis, lining of body wall, parts of limbs.

41
Q

What is the fate of the lateral plate mesoderm, visceral part?

A

Cardiovascular system, mesothelial covering of organs, smooth muscle.
(The cardiovascular system and the heart form first to transport nutrients around the body).

42
Q

What is the fate of the endoderm?

A

Lining of the gut tube
Lining of respiratory tract
Lining of the bladder and urethra.
(Endoderm forms the gut tube)