Fertilization to Trilaminar Embryo Flashcards
Revision
What is the process of fertilization?
- Sperm binds I a human specific interaction with the zona pellucida glycoprotein (ZP3).
- Acrosomal enzymes released from sperm head; the sperm digests its way into egg.
- Egg and sperm plasma membrane fuse and sperm contents enter the egg.
- Sperm entry triggers: - completion of meiosis 2
- release of cortical granules by oocyte.
What is the only self propulsive cell in the body?
Sperm, so requires a large proportion of ATP.
Where does fertilization typically occur?
Fertilization typically occurs in the ampulla of the uterine tube.
How long does it take for the fertilized egg to get from the ampulla to the uterus?
It takes about 6 days.
Zygotes undergo a series of what type of divisions?
mitotic divisions.
What do the mitotic divisions do to the zygote?
They subdivide the fertilised egg into many smaller daughter cells called blastomeres.
Up to what cell stage are blastomeres thought to be totipotent?
Up to the 8 cell stage blastomeres are thought to be totipotent.
After 8 cells they are said to be pluripotent.
What is the definition of mosaicism?
It’s individuals with two or more cell lines with different chromosomal complements.
What is mitotic nondisjunction?
failure either of two homologous chromosomes to pass to separate cells during the first meiotic division, or of the two chromatids of a chromosome to pass to separate cells during mitosis or during the second meiotic division. As a result, one daughter cell has two chromosomes or two chromatids, and the other has none.
This can occur in the early division of the zygote.
This can result in a zygote with trisomy 21 (Which is the most common form of down syndrome). Some cells will have a normal complement of cells and some with trisomy. Therefore they will show less prominent features.
What is a morula?
A morula is what the zygote is called once it has 16+ blastomeres.
What is the compaction of the morula?
Cells are confined within the zona pellucida (ZP).
They maximise the space by coming into closer contact with each other and begin to form cell junctions. Outer cells (in contact with ZP) form extensive gap junctions. Fluid enters through the ZP.
What are 4 parts that make up a blastocyst?
Trophoblast
Blastocyst cavity
Inner cell mass
Zona pellucida
What does the inner cell mass eventually give rise to?
The embryo proper/embryoblast, amnion and yolk sac.
What will the trophoblast eventually form?
The placenta
Embryos can interact with what for implantation?
Embryos can interact directly with the endometrial lining of the uterus for implantation.
Eventually the blastocyst hatches from the zona pellucida why?
In order to get rid of the restrictive zona pellucida as it prohibits it from increasing in size.