THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM Flashcards
The musculoskeletal system is
Consists of three major components that provide form, support, stability and movement to the body. There are:
- Bones.
- Muscles.
- Connective tissues.
The musculoskeletal system main function is to produce movement and motion to the body. Body
movement takes place along axes.
Axes
There are three types of axes that the body is divided into:
- Transverse (horizontal) plane
- Coronal (Frontal) plane
- Sagittal plane
Transverse(horizontal) plane
Divides the body into cranial and caudal.
- Cranial – the upper portion of the body (superior head).
- Caudal – the lower portion of the body (inferior-tail).
Coronal(frontal) plane
divides the body into Dorsal and Ventral.
- Dorsal – the posterior portion of the body (back).
- Ventral – the anterior portion of the body (front).
Sagittal plane
Divides the body into sinister and dexter. Can also be divided into medial and lateral.
- Sinister – left portion of the body.
- Dexter – right portion of the body.
- Medial – meaning approximate to the middle of the body.
- Lateral – approximate to the side of the body.
Bones are
rigid organ that is part of the skeleton. The bone is in constant change. Meaning, it is being destroyed and rebuild constantly. This process is done by:
* Osteoclasts (destroy the bone).
* Osteoblast (build the bone).
There are 206 bones in the human body.
- Due to its constant chance, a bone will change its entire structure in approximately every seven
years.
Muscles are
Soft tissues that produce contraction in order to create force and motion. In movement, the muscles are divided into that parts that work together:
- Agonist muscle – the muscle that contacts (for instance biceps).
- Antagonist muscle – the muscle that relaxes while the antagonist contracts (for the example above, triceps).
Tendons are
Dense connective tissue that connects muscle to bones. Transmit tension from the
muscle to the bone to produce movement and motion.
Joints are
location at which two or more bones make contact. Constructed to allow movements and
stability.
Ligaments are
Tough connectives tissue that connects bones to bones. There by giving stability and
support to the joints by holding the bones in place
Fascia is
A connective tissue fibber that usually made out of collagen. They are providing stability and are forming sheets under the skin to enclose or separate muscles from other internal organs.
Types of bones
There are 5 types of bones:
- Long bones
- Short bones
- Flat bones
- Irregular bones
- Sesamoid bones
Long bones
Bones that are longer more than they are wide. They are subjective to most of the louds during day activities. They are crucial for skeletal mobility and they support the body’s weight. Example of bones: Tibia, femur, fibula, and humerus.
Short
Long as they are wide. Primarily function is to provide support, stability and little or to no movements. Example of bones: tarsals (5 bones in the foot) and carpals (9bomes).
Flat
Fond at the surface of muscle attachments and their principle idea is to increase surface formuscles contact to provide extra protection for organs. Example of bones: shoulder blade, scapula,
sternum and cranium.
Irregular
Vary in shape and structure and therefore do not fit into any other category. They often
have a fairly complex shape, which helps protect internal organs. Example of bones: pubis, ilium,
and ischium
Sesamoid
Bones that embedded in tendons. These small, round bones are commonly found in
the tendons of the hands, knees, and feet. Sesamoid bones function to protect tendons from stress
and wear. Example of bones: The patella (kneecap).
Bone functions:
- Provide body form.
- Protection for body organs
- Production of blood cells
- Stores minerals and lipids; mostly calcium.
- Provide leverage and movement