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Anatomy Physiology > THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM > Flashcards

THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

The musculoskeletal system is

A

Consists of three major components that provide form, support, stability and movement to the body. There are:

  1. Bones.
  2. Muscles.
  3. Connective tissues.

The musculoskeletal system main function is to produce movement and motion to the body. Body
movement takes place along axes.

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2
Q

Axes

A

There are three types of axes that the body is divided into:

  • Transverse (horizontal) plane
  • Coronal (Frontal) plane
  • Sagittal plane
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3
Q

Transverse(horizontal) plane

A

Divides the body into cranial and caudal.

  • Cranial – the upper portion of the body (superior head).
  • Caudal – the lower portion of the body (inferior-tail).
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4
Q

Coronal(frontal) plane

A

divides the body into Dorsal and Ventral.

  • Dorsal – the posterior portion of the body (back).
  • Ventral – the anterior portion of the body (front).
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5
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Divides the body into sinister and dexter. Can also be divided into medial and lateral.

  • Sinister – left portion of the body.
  • Dexter – right portion of the body.
  • Medial – meaning approximate to the middle of the body.
  • Lateral – approximate to the side of the body.
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6
Q

Bones are

A

rigid organ that is part of the skeleton. The bone is in constant change. Meaning, it is being destroyed and rebuild constantly. This process is done by:
* Osteoclasts (destroy the bone).
* Osteoblast (build the bone).
There are 206 bones in the human body.

  • Due to its constant chance, a bone will change its entire structure in approximately every seven
    years.
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7
Q

Muscles are

A

Soft tissues that produce contraction in order to create force and motion. In movement, the muscles are divided into that parts that work together:

  • Agonist muscle – the muscle that contacts (for instance biceps).
  • Antagonist muscle – the muscle that relaxes while the antagonist contracts (for the example above, triceps).
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8
Q

Tendons are

A

Dense connective tissue that connects muscle to bones. Transmit tension from the
muscle to the bone to produce movement and motion.

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9
Q

Joints are

A

location at which two or more bones make contact. Constructed to allow movements and
stability.

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10
Q

Ligaments are

A

Tough connectives tissue that connects bones to bones. There by giving stability and
support to the joints by holding the bones in place

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11
Q

Fascia is

A

A connective tissue fibber that usually made out of collagen. They are providing stability and are forming sheets under the skin to enclose or separate muscles from other internal organs.

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12
Q

Types of bones

A

There are 5 types of bones:

  • Long bones
  • Short bones
  • Flat bones
  • Irregular bones
  • Sesamoid bones
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13
Q

Long bones

A

Bones that are longer more than they are wide. They are subjective to most of the louds during day activities. They are crucial for skeletal mobility and they support the body’s weight. Example of bones: Tibia, femur, fibula, and humerus.

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14
Q

Short

A

Long as they are wide. Primarily function is to provide support, stability and little or to no movements. Example of bones: tarsals (5 bones in the foot) and carpals (9bomes).

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15
Q

Flat

A

Fond at the surface of muscle attachments and their principle idea is to increase surface formuscles contact to provide extra protection for organs. Example of bones: shoulder blade, scapula,
sternum and cranium.

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16
Q

Irregular

A

Vary in shape and structure and therefore do not fit into any other category. They often
have a fairly complex shape, which helps protect internal organs. Example of bones: pubis, ilium,
and ischium

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17
Q

Sesamoid

A

Bones that embedded in tendons. These small, round bones are commonly found in
the tendons of the hands, knees, and feet. Sesamoid bones function to protect tendons from stress
and wear. Example of bones: The patella (kneecap).

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18
Q

Bone functions:

A
  1. Provide body form.
  2. Protection for body organs
  3. Production of blood cells
  4. Stores minerals and lipids; mostly calcium.
  5. Provide leverage and movement
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19
Q

Joints

A

Joints are, as side before, the location at which two or more bones make contact. They can construct to
allow movement and stability. There are 340 joints in the body.

20
Q

Classifications of joints types:

A

1.*Structure: Fibrous.
*Function:Synatrosis – not moving joint (like in the
skull)

2.*Structure: Collagenous.
*Function: Amphiarthrosis - Partial and little
movement for shock absorption.

  1. *Structure: Synovial.
    • Function: Diarthrosis – moving joints.
21
Q

Types of moments by joints:

A
  1. Flexion and extension – flexion is lowering the angle in the joint. Meaning, bringing the bone closer to the muscle. Extension is the opposite. Meaning, increasing the angle in the joint, and bringing the bone away from the agonist muscle.
  2. Abduction and adduction – adduction is moving the bone closer toward the medial part of the
    body, while abduction is moving the bone away, to the lateral part.
  3. Circumduction – movement in a circle.
  4. Rotation – partial rotation (not full cycles)
22
Q

Types of joints:

A
  1. Hinge – allows only one part of motion (flexion/extension).
  2. Pivot – allows rotation around itself (like in the neck)
  3. Condyloid – allow flexion/extension, abduction/adduction and circulation. Usually in the wrist
    (carpal bones).
  4. Gliding – allows gliding movements. Usually located in the carpal joints and bones.
  5. Saddle – allows flexion/extension, abduction/adduction and circulation. Usually in the thumb.
  6. Ball and socket – allows all types of movements.
23
Q

Major joints in the body:

A
  • Elbow
  • knee
  • Ankle
  • Neck
  • Carpal
  • Wrist/M.C.P
  • Thumb
  • Shoulder
  • Hip
24
Q

Major joint - Elbow

A

Type: Hinge

Movement: Flexion/Extension

Bones: Humerus, ulnar, radial

Muscle: Biceps and triceps

25
Q

Major joint - knee

A

Type: Hinge

Movement: Flexion/Extension

Bones: Femur, tibia, fibula, pattela

Muscle: Quadriceps, hamstrings

26
Q

Major joint - Ankle

A

Type: Hinge

Movement: Flexion/Extension or
Dorsiflexion/Plantarflexion

Bones: tibia, fibula, tarsals

Muscle: Gastrocnemius, soleus.

27
Q

Major joint - Neck

A

Type: Pivot

Movement: Rotation

Bones: C1, C2

Muscle: Splenius capitis, sternocleidomastoid trapezius and levator scapulae.

28
Q

Major joint - Carpal

A

Type: Gliding/Plane

Movement: Gliding

Bones: Carpal, Tarsal, Spine

Muscle: Pronator quadratus and lumbricals.

29
Q

Major joint - Wrist/M.C.P

A

Type: Condyloid

Movement: Flexion/Extension, Rotation (supination/Pronation), Add/Abd (ulnar deviation/Radial deviation).

Bones: Carpal, Ulnar, Radius, Phalanges, Meta-Tarsal

Muscle: Palmaris brevis and lumbricals.

30
Q

Major joint - Thumb

A

Type: Saddle

Movement: Flexion/Extension, Rotation Add/Abd, Circumduction

Bones: Carpal, Meta-carpal

Muscle:1st Doral interosseous and pollicis brevises (adductor, flexor abductor and opponens).

31
Q

Major joint - Shoulder

A

Type: Ball-socket

Movement: Flexion/Extension, Rotation Add/Abd, Circumduction.

Bones: Humerus, Scapula.

Muscle: Deltoid, Pectoralis(major/minor), Latissimus dorsi.

32
Q

Major joint - Hip

A

Type: Ball socket

Movement: Flexion/Extension, Rotation Add/Abd, Circumduction.

Bones: Femur, pelvis(ilium ,ischium, pubis).

Muscle: Gluteus Maximus, Adductor femoris, Tensor facia latea.

33
Q

The Trunk (Torso)

A

The trunk is the centre of the body, and it consist:

  1. The thoracic cavity – contains the lungs and the heart.
  2. The Diaphragm – a muscle that separates the cavities and participate in respiratory activities.
  3. The abdominal cavity – contains organs of the urinary and digestive systems.
34
Q

The thoracic cavity

A

Divided into four part:
*Anterior – contains the sternum and the rib cage. Both the ribs and the sternum are made
of bones and cartilage. The sternum has very little cartilage that turns into bone with age.

  • Posterior – contains the thoracic vertebrae (part of the spine), the scapula and rib cage
    (posterior part).
  • Superior – contains the clavicle bone.
  • Inferior – contains the diaphragm
35
Q

The abdominal cavity:

A

Divided into four part:
*Superior – contains the diaphragm.

  • Inferior – contains pelvic floor.
  • Anterior – contains muscle wall, connective tissues and abdominal muscles.
  • Posterior – contains the lumbar vertebrae (part of the spine).
36
Q

The Ribs

A

The ribs are a structure of bones in the upper chest. There are 12 pairs of ribs in the rib cage. The ribs main
functions are:
1. Support – they are big and strong, therefore they can support the weight of the torso and maintain
the upper body structure.
2. Protection – due to their strength, size and durability, they provide lots of protection to the organs in the thoracic cavity (lungs and heart).
3. Respiration – with the help of the diaphragm, abdominal and intercostal muscles, the ribs can
change their position to allow inhalation and exhalation.

37
Q

The ribs are classified and divided into three parts:

A
  1. True ribs – ribs that are directly connected to the sternum (ribs no. 1-7).
  2. False ribs – ribs that are not directly connected to the sternum (ribs no. 8-12).
  3. Floating ribs – ribs that are connected to the vertebrae (spine) only (ribs no. 11-12). Floating ribs
    are part of the false ribs.
38
Q

The Vertebrae (Spine)

A

The spine is made of 33 individual bones stacked one on top of the other. This spinal column provides the
main support for the body, allowing it to stand upright, bend, and twist, while protecting the spinal cord
from injury. Strong muscles and bones, flexible tendons and ligaments, and sensitive nerves contribute to a healthy spine. Yet, any of these structures affected by strain, injury, or disease can cause pain.

39
Q

The vertebral column has four main functions:

A
  • Protection – encloses and protects the spinal cord within the spinal canal.
  • Support – carries the weight of the body above the pelvis.
  • Axis – forms the central axis of the body.
  • Movement – has roles in both posture and movement.
40
Q

The vertebrae are divided into 5 segments:

A
  1. Cervical vertebrae – contains disks number: 𝐶1 − 𝐶7.
    • The first disk (𝐶1) is called the atlas.
  2. Thoracic vertebrae – contains disks number: 𝑇1−𝑇12.
  3. Lumber vertebrae – contains disks number: 𝐿1 − 𝐿7.
  4. Sacral vertebrae – contains disks number: 𝑆1 − 𝑆5 (5 fused parts).
  5. Coccygeal vertebrae – contains the Coccyx (4 fused parts).
41
Q

The spine has 4 curves:

A

Cervical curve (neck)
Thoracic/kyphotic curve (mid back)
Lumber curve (lower back)
Sacral curvature

42
Q

Cervical curve (neck)

A

Located in the neck area and contains the first seven vertebrae of yourspine. It begins directly below the skull at the atlas vertebrae and ends above the thoracic spine.
A healthy cervical curve resembles a wide, backward “C” shape. The ideal cervical curve is
approximately 42 degrees when standing upright.

43
Q

Thoracic/kyphotic curve (mid back)

A

It is made up of 12 vertebrae, and it is located below the top 7 vertebrae of the cervical spine and above the lumbar spine. These vertebrae connect to your ribs and form part of the back wall of the thorax (the ribcage area between the neck and the
diaphragm). The curve of the thoracic spine is a “C” shape with the opening of the “C” in the front
(unlike the cervical curve).

44
Q

Lumber curve (lower back)

A

This area usually has 5 vertebrae. However, sometimes people are born with 6 vertebrae in the lumbar region. The base of your spine (called the sacrum) is a group
of specialized vertebrae that connects the spine to the pelvis. When one of the bones forms as a
vertebra rather than part of the sacrum, it is called a transitional (or sixth) vertebra. This occurrence is not dangerous and does not appear to have any serious side effects. The lumbar spine is shaped like a backward “C”, just like the cervical spine.

45
Q

Sacral curvature

A

Sacral curvature (SC), represented by the angle between the first and the last sacral vertebrae, is a feature that differentiates the human pelvis from that of other animals. It is in a “C” shape

46
Q

Important to remember about the spine

A
  • Backwards “C” shape is called lordotic, while regular “C” shape is called kyphotic.
  • The body loses 2% of its bone mass per year after menopause.

Anatomy Physiology (20 decks)

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