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Anatomy Physiology > THE IMMUNE SYSTEM > Flashcards

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

The immune system

A

The immune system is a collection of molecules, cells, tissues and organs that work together to defend the
body. The immune system defends the body against non-self elements (pathogens, foreign objects, tumor
cells and such).

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2
Q

major histocompatibility complex (𝑀𝐻𝐢)

A

Every cell in the body contains an 𝐻𝐿𝐴-gene which codes for a protein marker called major histocompatibility complex (𝑀𝐻𝐢).
The 𝑀𝐻𝐢 marks the cell as a β€œself” cell, and prevents an immune response against it. Non-self cells contain different surface marker called antigens. Cells containing antigens trigger an immune response.

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3
Q

Disease

A

Any disruption to the normal physiological function of the body (disruption of homeostasis).

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4
Q

Pathogen

A

Infectious agents that trigger an immune response.

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5
Q

Inflammation

A

The body’s response to any harmful stimulus. This response includes:

  • Vasodilation.
  • Increased permeability.
  • π‘Šπ΅πΆ mobilization.
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6
Q

Signs and symptoms of Inflammation

A
  • Heat.
  • Swelling.
  • Redness.
  • Loss of functions.
  • Pain.
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7
Q

Infection

A

The invasion and proliferation of pathogens in the body.

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8
Q

White blood cell (π‘Šπ΅πΆ)

A

Cells of the immune system involved in defending the body.

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9
Q

Antibodies (immunoglobulins)

A

Proteins that adhere to pathogens and neutralize them. π‘Œ shaped proteins; neutralize or mark for destruction.

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10
Q

complement

A

A group of proteins activated by series of reactions and promotes inflammation, phagocytosis and cell lysis.

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11
Q

An immune response can be dived into two types

A
  • Cellular immunity – an immune response by cells.

* Humoral immunity – an immune response by circulating compounds.

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12
Q

An immune response can be dived into two systems

A
  • Innate immunity system – triggers and immune response in a general manner (non-specific
    immune response).
  • Adaptive immunity system – triggers and immune response against a specific pathogen (specific
    immune response).
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13
Q

White Blood Cells (𝑾𝑩π‘ͺ)

A

White blood cells (leukocytes) – the cells of the immune system. These cells divide into two kinds:

  1. Granulocytes – these are white blood cells (leukocytes) containing large granule in their cytoplasm.
  2. Agranulocytes – these are white blood cells (leukocytes) that do not contain granule.
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14
Q

Granulocytes WBC

A

Granulocytes are divided into 3 classes. These classes are determined by the hue of the cells after an
absorption of an inserted type of paint (very similar process to gram negative/positive in pathogens):
*Neutrophils
*Eosinophils
*Basophils

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15
Q

Neutrophils

A

these are phagocytes cells, meaning they are fighting pathogens by engulfing them in order to neutralize the foreign object. Afterwards, they remove the remains of the foreign object outside of their membrane. These cell are part of the innate immune system. Neutrophils are 65% from all of the π‘Šπ΅πΆ, and they are having no paint. They are the first line of defense and have a
short life span.

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16
Q

Eosinophils

A

They are characterized by a large, bi-lobed nucleus that resembles an old-style telephone receiver. The primary function of eosinophils is to respond to and destroy parasitic worms. 3% of the π‘Šπ΅π‘† are eosinophils, and they are painted red. They also participate in allergic reaction and they have lobed nucleus.

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17
Q

Basophils

A

These cells stimulate the start of the immune response by releasing molecules like histamine that start vasodilation, permeability and π‘Šπ΅π‘† mobilization. Basophils are 1% from all the π‘Šπ΅π‘†, and they are painted blue.

18
Q

Agranulocytes WBC

A

Agranulocytes, which include lymphocytes and monocytes, are a type of white blood cell that, unlike granulocytes, lack visible granules.
agranulocytes are also characterized by a single, large nucleus (the nucleus is not lobed).
There are 3 types of agranulocytes:
*Monocytes
*Lymphocytes

19
Q

Monocytes

A

these are phagocytes antigen presenting cells; they kill a pathogen, and present its part on their membrane to the rest of the immune system (for the system to develop antibodies). These are the biggest white blood cells, and they are up to 6% of all of the WBC.
*Macrophage – these are monocytes that are active in tissues instead of roaming in the blood.

20
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Circulate in the blood and lymph fluids, but reside in lymphoid organs. Lymphocytes are around 30% of the π‘Šπ΅πΆ, and they are divided into 3 main types:

  • 𝐡 cells
  • 𝑇 cells
  • Natural killer cells (𝑁𝐾 cells)
21
Q

𝐡 cells

A

A lymphocyte, produce and release specific antibodies to kill presented pathogens. Can also
produce memory cells that give us immune memory to trigger quicker response if we get
exposed to the same pathogens.

22
Q

𝑇 cells

A

A lymphocyte, divided to 3:
* 𝑇4 – also called 𝑇 helper cells. Have 𝑐𝑑4 protein on them. They bind to antigen presenting cells and stimulate the proliferation of proper 𝐡 cells. These cells
invoke immune response. These are also antigen presenting cells.
* 𝑇8 – cytotoxic 𝑇 cell that have 𝑐𝑑8 protein on them. They directly destroy
pathogens cells by secreting toxic chemicals. These cell destroy infected cells and
cancerous ones.
* 𝑇𝑠 – 𝑇 suppresser cells that suppress the immune system.

23
Q

Natural killer cells (𝑁𝐾 cells)

A

A lymphocyte, destroy viral infected cells and tumor cells. The only lymphocytes that are not a part of the adaptive immunity.

24
Q

Innate Immunity System

A

The basic response immune cells carry out without learning the pathogens. It is not specific response; it
attacks foreign objects equally with an immediate general non-specific attack.
* Non-specific response against pathogens.
* Antigen independent response.
* Maximal response against pathogens.
* Not antigen specific.
* No lasting immunity.

25
Q

Mechanism of defense of Innate Immunity system

A
  • Anatomical
  • Cellular
  • Humoral
26
Q

Mechanism of defense of Innate Immunity system Anatomical examples

A
  • Mechanical – like skin, mucus and coughing (expels things out the body).
  • Chemical – like stomach 𝑝𝐻, lysosomes in the saliva and tears and other secretions of the
    body.
  • Biological – like bacteria in the 𝐺𝐼𝑇 and flora of the skin.
27
Q

Mechanism of defense of Innate Immunity system Cellular examples

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, monocytes/macrophagocytes and natural killer cells(π‘Šπ΅πΆ response).

28
Q

Mechanism of defense of Innate Immunity system Humoral examples

A
  • Histamine – a compound release from basophils and 𝑀𝐴𝑆𝑇 cells which stimulates the inflammatory response.
  • Cytokines – a compound (protein) released from π‘Šπ΅πΆ which regulates the immune response and involves in π‘Šπ΅πΆ mobilization. They are intercellular communication molecule.
  • Clotting system:
    1. Primary cloth – a clot is formed in response to
      endothelial injury. Platelet adhere together and
      form a platelet plug called.
    2. Secondary cloth – coagulation factors intricate
      and form a fibrin patch above
      platelet plug.
  • Coagulation cascade – circulating proteins (𝐢1 βˆ’πΆ9) which form a membrane attack complex (𝑀𝐴𝐢) which destroys pathogens or marks them for phagocytosis.
29
Q

Adaptive (Acquired) Immunity System

A

An acquired response where immune cells learn to recognize and response to specific antigens. Triggers a specific response.

  • Specific response against pathogens.
  • Antigen dependent response.
  • Time lag response.
  • Exposure results in memory cells.
30
Q

Mechanism of defense of Adaptive (Acquired) Immunity System

A
  • Cellular – lymphocytes produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus.
  • Humoral – 𝐡 cells produced in the bone marrow and mature in the spleen and lymph nodes. Antigens stimulate 𝐡 cells proliferation and upon activation they are called plasma cells that produce antibodies. 𝐡 cells produce memory cells that remain in the lymph nodes to be used again
    against another encounter with the specific pathogen.
31
Q

Immunization

A

The process by which the body becomes protected against a specific pathogen (has antibodies against that pathogen)

32
Q

Active Immunization

A
  • crated naturally by disease or infection.
  • crated unnaturally by injection of weak or dead pathogen
  • The effect is Long due to creation of memory
    cells
33
Q

Passive Immunization

A
  • Created naturally by pregnancy (comes
    from the mother).
  • Created unnaturally by Injection of antigens
  • The effect is short due to lack of memory cells.
34
Q

Pathology of the immune system

A
  • Human immunodeficiency virus (𝐻𝐼𝑉)
  • Autoimmunity
  • Diabetes mellitus type 1
  • Allergy
  • Leukopenia
  • Leukocytosis
35
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus (𝐻𝐼𝑉)

A

causes 𝐻𝐼𝑉 infection and 𝐴𝐼𝐷 (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), transmitted by blood exposure to the pathogen, sexual intercourse and breast milk. This virus attacks 𝑇4 lymphocytes. The 𝐻𝐼𝑉 suppress the immune system, making the patients more susceptible to diseases.

phages:
1. Acute – flue like illness.
2. Latent – carrier state. This phage last 3 to 10 years. 3. 𝐴𝐼𝐷 – death within 10 months.

36
Q

Autoimmunity

A

Destruction of healthy human cells by the immune system; occurs when it can’t distinguish
between self and non-self cells.

37
Q

Diabetes mellitus type 1

A

Immune system destroys cells that are responsible for secreting insulin. Leads to the body’s inability to maintain constant glucose levels in the blood.

38
Q

Allergy

A

Immune system responds to a β€œfalse alarm” of normally harmless material like pollen of feed particles that are mistaken for a treat and trigger an immune response.

39
Q

Leukopenia

A

Decrease in the amount of white blood cells in the blood.

40
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Increase in the amount of white blood cells in the blood.

41
Q

Antigens

A

IgM – antigen that is presented in the blood when the body is exposed to acute disease.

IgG – antigen that accounts for cell memory. It shows when exposed to old disease. It also contains
the memory of all previous disease.

IgA – defends the respiratory truck. It is a located antigen.

IgE – antigen presented when being exposed to allergy of parasite.

Anatomy Physiology (20 decks)

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