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631: Clinical Management of the Musculoskeletal System I > The Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

The Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of fundamental tissues?

A
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscle
  • Nervous
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2
Q

Connective tissue is composed of what 2 substances?

A
  • ground substance

- fibroblasts

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3
Q

What 3 things do fibroblasts produce?

A
  • collagen
  • elastin
  • reticulin fibers
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4
Q

2 types of collagen

A

loose or dense

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5
Q

Where can loose collagen be found?

A

In capsules, muscles, nerves, fascia, and skin

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6
Q

What is the main function of loose collagen?

A

Provides structural support

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7
Q

Where can dense collagen be found?

A

Ligaments, tendons, bones, and aponeuroses

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8
Q

What is the function of fascia?

A

It provides an interconnection between tendons, ligaments, capsules, nerves and the intrinsic components of muscle

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9
Q

What is the function of tendons?

A

To attach muscle to bone at each end of the muscle, and, when stretched, store elastic energy that contributes to movement

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10
Q

What are the 3 main sections of a tendon?

A
  • Bone-tendon junction
  • Tendon mid-substance
  • Musculotendinous Junction (MTJ)
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11
Q

The point where the collagen fibers of the tendon directly insert into the bone is called what?

A

Enthesis

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12
Q

What is the role of the enthesis?

A

To absorb and distribute the stress concentration that occurs at the junction over a broader area

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13
Q

What type of injuries are likely to occur at the tendon’s midsubstance?

A

oversue injuries

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14
Q

What type of injuries are likely to occur at the tendon’s MTJ?

A

tensile failure (sudden)

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15
Q

What do ligaments do?

A

attach bone to bone

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16
Q

How do ligaments contribute to the stability of function?

A

By preventing excessive motion, guide the direction of movement, provide proprioceptive feedback, and act as the attach point to the joint capsule

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17
Q

What parts of ligaments are the most avascular and have minimal innervation?

A

The middle sections

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18
Q

Do tendons or ligaments deform less under an applied load and are able to transmit the load to bone?

A

Tendons

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19
Q

Do tendons or ligaments have a more unidirectional line of pull?

A

tendons

Ligaments still provide stiffness however

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20
Q

3 forms of cartilage

A
  • hyaline
  • elastic
  • fibrocartilage
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21
Q

Where can hyaline (articular) cartilage be found?

A

covering bones which provides an almost frictionless motion between joint surfaces

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22
Q

What 3 things is hyaline cartilage composed of?

A
  • chondrocytes
  • water
  • ECM
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23
Q

Does hyaline cartilage have blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves?

A

NO

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24
Q

What are the 4 zones of articular cartilage?

A

1) Superficial zone
2) Middle zone
3) Deep zone
4) Tidemark zone

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25
What is the function of the superficial zone of articular cartilage?
to protect the deeper layers from sheer stress
26
What is the function of the middle zone of articular cartilage?
provides an anatomic and functional bridge between the superficial and deep zones
27
How are collagen fibers oriented in the middle zone?
obliquely
28
What is the function of the deep zone of articular cartilage?
Provides the greatest resistance to compressive forces
29
How are collagen fibers oriented in the deep zone?
radially
30
What is the function of the tidemark zone of articular cartilage?
prevents diffusion of nutrients from the bone tissue to the cartilage
31
Where can elastic cartilage be found?
the outer ear, larynx, etc.
32
What is the function of fibrocartilage?
A shock-absorber in both weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing joints
33
fibrocartilage's large fiber content, reinforced with numerous collagen fibers, makes it ideal for what?
Bearing large stress in all directions
34
What are a few examples of fibrocartilage?
The pubic symphysis, IVDs, and the menisci of the knee
35
5 functions of bone
- provide support - enhance leverage - protect vital structures - provide attachments for both tendons & ligaments - store minerals
36
What are the 4 characteristics of skeletal muscle?
- Excitability - Elasticity - Extensibility - Contractility
37
Excitability is the ability to do what?
respond to stimulation from the nervous system
38
Elasticity is the ability to do what?
change in length or stretch and return to normal length afterwards
39
Extensibility is the ability to do what?
shorten and return to normal length
40
Contractility is the ability to do what?
shorten and contract in response to some neural command
41
The tension developed in in skeletal muscle can occur _____ (stretch) or ____ (contraction)
passively actively
42
A single muscle cell is called what?
a myofiber
43
Describe the 3 coverings of myofibers
A single myofiber is wrapped in endomysium. Bundles of myofibers are wrapped in perimysium Bundles of myofibrils are wrapped in epimysium
44
Each myofiber consists of thousands of fibers called ______ which run parallel to the myofibril axis.
myofilaments
45
Myofilaments are composed of what 2 proteins?
actin and myosin
46
Structures called ______ serve to connect the actin and myosin filaments
cross-bridges
47
During contraction the cross-bridges _____. | During relaxation the cross-bridges _____.
attach detach
48
What 2 proteins found in the actin filaments regulate the attachment and detachment of the cross-bridges?
tropomyosin and troponin
49
Each muscle fiber is innervated by what type of neuron?
a somatic motor neuron
50
What constitutes a motor unit?
One neuron and its corresponding muscle fibers
51
What are the 2 major types of muscle fiber?
- Type I (slow twitch) | - Type II (fast twitch)
52
Which type of muscle fiber is the first to be recruited?
Type I
53
Define prime agonist
the muscle that is directly responsible for producing movement
54
Define synergist
the muscle that performs cooperative muscle function with regard to agonist
55
Define stabilizer
The muscle that contracts statically to steady or support some part of the body
56
Define neutralizers
muscles that act to prevent an undesired action
57
Define antagonists
muscles that have effect opposite of the agonist
58
3 types of contractions
- Isometric - Concentric - Eccentric
59
As the speed of a concentric contraction increases, the force produced _____.
decreases
60
As the speed of a eccentric contraction increases, the force produced _____.
increases
61
A slow eccentric contraction is similar to what type of contraction?
an isometric contraction
62
Under what 2 circumstances does a muscle generate the greatest amount of torque?
- When the line of pull is oriented at a 90 degree angle to the bone - When it is attached anatomically as far from the joint center as possible
63
Skeletal muscle blood flow increases __-fold during muscle contraction
20
64
4 differences between respiratory and skeletal muscle
- Skeletal muscle overcomes inertial loads, whereas respiratory muscles overcome elastic and resistive loads - they are under voluntary and involuntary control - they have to contract rhythmically and generate the required forces for ventilation throughout the entire life of an individual - They are constrained to operate at a particular resting length
65
2 Joint classifications based on movement
Synarthrosis (little to no movement) or Diarthrosis (free bone movement and great mobility)
66
2 major types of synarthroses
- Fibrous joints | - Cartilaginous joints
67
3 types of fibrous joints and an example for each
- suture --> skull - gomphosis --> tooth/mandible - syndesmosis --> tibfib/radioulnar
68
2 types of cartilaginous joints and an example for each
- Synchondrosis --> manubriosternal | Symphysis --> symphysis pubis
69
6 characteristics of diathroses
- joint cavity - articular cartilage - synovial fluid - synovial membrane - fibroelastic capsule - mechanoreceptors and nociceptors
70
Example of a spheroid joint
shoulder (ball and socket)
71
Example of a trochoid joint
atlantoaxial joint (pivot)
72
Example of a condyloid joint
wrist
73
Example of a ginglymoid joint
humeroulnar (hinge)
74
Example of an ellipsoid joint
radiocarpal
75
Example of a planar joint
intermetatarsal
76
Example of a sellar joint
thumb (saddle)
77
What type of fluid is necessary to minimize the frictional resistance between weight-bearing surfaces in joints?
synovial fluid
78
What are bursae?
Flattened, saclike structures that are lined with synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid, which allows for smooth motion between muscles, tendon, ligament, and bones
79
What are the 2 types of movement?
- translation which occurs in either a straight or curved line - rotation which involves a circular motion around a pivot point
80
A joint that can swing in one direction or can only spin is said to have ___ DOF
one
81
A joint that can swing and spin in one way or can swing in two completely distinct ways, but not spin is said to have ___ DOF
two
82
A joint that can spin and also swing in two distinct ways is said to have ___ DOF
three
83
What is kinematics?
They study of motion
84
What is kinetics?
The term applied to the forces acting on the body
85
3 types of arthrokinematics
roll, slide, and spin
86
Convex surface moving on concave surface, then the slide will be in the _____ direction to the osteokinematic motion
opposite
87
Concave surface moving on convex surface, then the slide will be in the _____ direction to the osteokinematic motion
same
88
What are levers?
rotations of a rigid surface around an axis
89
When does a first-class lever occur?
When two forces are applied on either side of an exis and the fulcrum lies between the effort and the load (like a seesaw)
90
Examples of a first-class lever
contraction of the triceps at the elbow o tipping the head forwards and backwards
91
When does a second-class lever occur?
When the load (resistance) is applied between the fulcrum and the point where the effort is exerted
92
Example of a second-class lever
Weight bearing plantarflexion
93
When does a third-class lever occur?
When the load is located at the end of the load (like a drawbridge or crane)
94
Example of a third-class lever
Elbow flexion
95
Most movable joints function as what type of lever?
third-class
96
In a closed kinematic chain the ____ segment is stabilized and the movement is at the _____ segment
distal proximal
97
In an open kinematic chain the ____ segment is stabilized and the movement is at the _____ segment
proximal distal

631: Clinical Management of the Musculoskeletal System I (19 decks)

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