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631: Clinical Management of the Musculoskeletal System I > The Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

The Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of fundamental tissues?

A
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscle
  • Nervous
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2
Q

Connective tissue is composed of what 2 substances?

A
  • ground substance

- fibroblasts

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3
Q

What 3 things do fibroblasts produce?

A
  • collagen
  • elastin
  • reticulin fibers
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4
Q

2 types of collagen

A

loose or dense

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5
Q

Where can loose collagen be found?

A

In capsules, muscles, nerves, fascia, and skin

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6
Q

What is the main function of loose collagen?

A

Provides structural support

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7
Q

Where can dense collagen be found?

A

Ligaments, tendons, bones, and aponeuroses

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8
Q

What is the function of fascia?

A

It provides an interconnection between tendons, ligaments, capsules, nerves and the intrinsic components of muscle

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9
Q

What is the function of tendons?

A

To attach muscle to bone at each end of the muscle, and, when stretched, store elastic energy that contributes to movement

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10
Q

What are the 3 main sections of a tendon?

A
  • Bone-tendon junction
  • Tendon mid-substance
  • Musculotendinous Junction (MTJ)
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11
Q

The point where the collagen fibers of the tendon directly insert into the bone is called what?

A

Enthesis

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12
Q

What is the role of the enthesis?

A

To absorb and distribute the stress concentration that occurs at the junction over a broader area

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13
Q

What type of injuries are likely to occur at the tendon’s midsubstance?

A

oversue injuries

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14
Q

What type of injuries are likely to occur at the tendon’s MTJ?

A

tensile failure (sudden)

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15
Q

What do ligaments do?

A

attach bone to bone

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16
Q

How do ligaments contribute to the stability of function?

A

By preventing excessive motion, guide the direction of movement, provide proprioceptive feedback, and act as the attach point to the joint capsule

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17
Q

What parts of ligaments are the most avascular and have minimal innervation?

A

The middle sections

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18
Q

Do tendons or ligaments deform less under an applied load and are able to transmit the load to bone?

A

Tendons

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19
Q

Do tendons or ligaments have a more unidirectional line of pull?

A

tendons

Ligaments still provide stiffness however

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20
Q

3 forms of cartilage

A
  • hyaline
  • elastic
  • fibrocartilage
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21
Q

Where can hyaline (articular) cartilage be found?

A

covering bones which provides an almost frictionless motion between joint surfaces

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22
Q

What 3 things is hyaline cartilage composed of?

A
  • chondrocytes
  • water
  • ECM
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23
Q

Does hyaline cartilage have blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves?

A

NO

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24
Q

What are the 4 zones of articular cartilage?

A

1) Superficial zone
2) Middle zone
3) Deep zone
4) Tidemark zone

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25
Q

What is the function of the superficial zone of articular cartilage?

A

to protect the deeper layers from sheer stress

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26
Q

What is the function of the middle zone of articular cartilage?

A

provides an anatomic and functional bridge between the superficial and deep zones

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27
Q

How are collagen fibers oriented in the middle zone?

A

obliquely

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28
Q

What is the function of the deep zone of articular cartilage?

A

Provides the greatest resistance to compressive forces

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29
Q

How are collagen fibers oriented in the deep zone?

A

radially

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30
Q

What is the function of the tidemark zone of articular cartilage?

A

prevents diffusion of nutrients from the bone tissue to the cartilage

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31
Q

Where can elastic cartilage be found?

A

the outer ear, larynx, etc.

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32
Q

What is the function of fibrocartilage?

A

A shock-absorber in both weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing joints

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33
Q

fibrocartilage’s large fiber content, reinforced with numerous collagen fibers, makes it ideal for what?

A

Bearing large stress in all directions

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34
Q

What are a few examples of fibrocartilage?

A

The pubic symphysis, IVDs, and the menisci of the knee

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35
Q

5 functions of bone

A
  • provide support
  • enhance leverage
  • protect vital structures
  • provide attachments for both tendons & ligaments
  • store minerals
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36
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of skeletal muscle?

A
  • Excitability
  • Elasticity
  • Extensibility
  • Contractility
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37
Q

Excitability is the ability to do what?

A

respond to stimulation from the nervous system

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38
Q

Elasticity is the ability to do what?

A

change in length or stretch and return to normal length afterwards

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39
Q

Extensibility is the ability to do what?

A

shorten and return to normal length

40
Q

Contractility is the ability to do what?

A

shorten and contract in response to some neural command

41
Q

The tension developed in in skeletal muscle can occur _____ (stretch) or ____ (contraction)

A

passively

actively

42
Q

A single muscle cell is called what?

A

a myofiber

43
Q

Describe the 3 coverings of myofibers

A

A single myofiber is wrapped in endomysium.
Bundles of myofibers are wrapped in perimysium
Bundles of myofibrils are wrapped in epimysium

44
Q

Each myofiber consists of thousands of fibers called ______ which run parallel to the myofibril axis.

A

myofilaments

45
Q

Myofilaments are composed of what 2 proteins?

A

actin and myosin

46
Q

Structures called ______ serve to connect the actin and myosin filaments

A

cross-bridges

47
Q

During contraction the cross-bridges _____.

During relaxation the cross-bridges _____.

A

attach

detach

48
Q

What 2 proteins found in the actin filaments regulate the attachment and detachment of the cross-bridges?

A

tropomyosin and troponin

49
Q

Each muscle fiber is innervated by what type of neuron?

A

a somatic motor neuron

50
Q

What constitutes a motor unit?

A

One neuron and its corresponding muscle fibers

51
Q

What are the 2 major types of muscle fiber?

A
  • Type I (slow twitch)

- Type II (fast twitch)

52
Q

Which type of muscle fiber is the first to be recruited?

A

Type I

53
Q

Define prime agonist

A

the muscle that is directly responsible for producing movement

54
Q

Define synergist

A

the muscle that performs cooperative muscle function with regard to agonist

55
Q

Define stabilizer

A

The muscle that contracts statically to steady or support some part of the body

56
Q

Define neutralizers

A

muscles that act to prevent an undesired action

57
Q

Define antagonists

A

muscles that have effect opposite of the agonist

58
Q

3 types of contractions

A
  • Isometric
  • Concentric
  • Eccentric
59
Q

As the speed of a concentric contraction increases, the force produced _____.

A

decreases

60
Q

As the speed of a eccentric contraction increases, the force produced _____.

A

increases

61
Q

A slow eccentric contraction is similar to what type of contraction?

A

an isometric contraction

62
Q

Under what 2 circumstances does a muscle generate the greatest amount of torque?

A
  • When the line of pull is oriented at a 90 degree angle to the bone
  • When it is attached anatomically as far from the joint center as possible
63
Q

Skeletal muscle blood flow increases __-fold during muscle contraction

A

20

64
Q

4 differences between respiratory and skeletal muscle

A
  • Skeletal muscle overcomes inertial loads, whereas respiratory muscles overcome elastic and resistive loads
  • they are under voluntary and involuntary control
  • they have to contract rhythmically and generate the required forces for ventilation throughout the entire life of an individual
  • They are constrained to operate at a particular resting length
65
Q

2 Joint classifications based on movement

A

Synarthrosis (little to no movement) or Diarthrosis (free bone movement and great mobility)

66
Q

2 major types of synarthroses

A
  • Fibrous joints

- Cartilaginous joints

67
Q

3 types of fibrous joints and an example for each

A
  • suture –> skull
  • gomphosis –> tooth/mandible
  • syndesmosis –> tibfib/radioulnar
68
Q

2 types of cartilaginous joints and an example for each

A
  • Synchondrosis –> manubriosternal

Symphysis –> symphysis pubis

69
Q

6 characteristics of diathroses

A
  • joint cavity
  • articular cartilage
  • synovial fluid
  • synovial membrane
  • fibroelastic capsule
  • mechanoreceptors and nociceptors
70
Q

Example of a spheroid joint

A

shoulder (ball and socket)

71
Q

Example of a trochoid joint

A

atlantoaxial joint (pivot)

72
Q

Example of a condyloid joint

A

wrist

73
Q

Example of a ginglymoid joint

A

humeroulnar (hinge)

74
Q

Example of an ellipsoid joint

A

radiocarpal

75
Q

Example of a planar joint

A

intermetatarsal

76
Q

Example of a sellar joint

A

thumb (saddle)

77
Q

What type of fluid is necessary to minimize the frictional resistance between weight-bearing surfaces in joints?

A

synovial fluid

78
Q

What are bursae?

A

Flattened, saclike structures that are lined with synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid, which allows for smooth motion between muscles, tendon, ligament, and bones

79
Q

What are the 2 types of movement?

A
  • translation which occurs in either a straight or curved line
  • rotation which involves a circular motion around a pivot point
80
Q

A joint that can swing in one direction or can only spin is said to have ___ DOF

A

one

81
Q

A joint that can swing and spin in one way or can swing in two completely distinct ways, but not spin is said to have ___ DOF

A

two

82
Q

A joint that can spin and also swing in two distinct ways is said to have ___ DOF

A

three

83
Q

What is kinematics?

A

They study of motion

84
Q

What is kinetics?

A

The term applied to the forces acting on the body

85
Q

3 types of arthrokinematics

A

roll, slide, and spin

86
Q

Convex surface moving on concave surface, then the slide will be in the _____ direction to the osteokinematic motion

A

opposite

87
Q

Concave surface moving on convex surface, then the slide will be in the _____ direction to the osteokinematic motion

A

same

88
Q

What are levers?

A

rotations of a rigid surface around an axis

89
Q

When does a first-class lever occur?

A

When two forces are applied on either side of an exis and the fulcrum lies between the effort and the load (like a seesaw)

90
Q

Examples of a first-class lever

A

contraction of the triceps at the elbow o tipping the head forwards and backwards

91
Q

When does a second-class lever occur?

A

When the load (resistance) is applied between the fulcrum and the point where the effort is exerted

92
Q

Example of a second-class lever

A

Weight bearing plantarflexion

93
Q

When does a third-class lever occur?

A

When the load is located at the end of the load (like a drawbridge or crane)

94
Q

Example of a third-class lever

A

Elbow flexion

95
Q

Most movable joints function as what type of lever?

A

third-class

96
Q

In a closed kinematic chain the ____ segment is stabilized and the movement is at the _____ segment

A

distal

proximal

97
Q

In an open kinematic chain the ____ segment is stabilized and the movement is at the _____ segment

A

proximal

distal

631: Clinical Management of the Musculoskeletal System I (19 decks)

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