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631: Clinical Management of the Musculoskeletal System I > Improving Cardiovascular Endurance > Flashcards

Improving Cardiovascular Endurance Flashcards

1
Q

Define physical activity

A

any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure

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2
Q

The maximum work capacity of the cardiorespiratory systems is a factor of what?

A

VO2max which is the maximal amount of oxygen that can be take in and used by the body

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3
Q

The capacity of the neuromuscular system is a factor of what?

A

the maximum tension that can be developed by the working muscle

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4
Q

Why should the clinician assess the cardiovascular system?

A

To provide them justification for monitoring or for not monitoring activities during a patient’s rehab or providing modifications in the exercise prescription

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5
Q

Along with the state of the cardiorespiratory system what 6 things does physical fitness include?

A
  • Muscle strength
  • Muscle endurance
  • Muscle power
  • Balance
  • Agility
  • Flexibility
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6
Q

Define muscle strength

A

the ability of muscles to exert or resist a force

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7
Q

Define muscle endurance

A

the ability of the muscle to perform work

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8
Q

Define muscle power

A

the ability of a muscle to exert a high force at a high speed

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9
Q

Define balance

A

the ability to maintain equilibrium when the body is static or moving

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10
Q

Define agility

A

the ability to perform functional or powerful movements in opposite directions

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11
Q

Define flexibility

A

the ability to stretch, easily bend, or be pliable

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12
Q

Is physical activity the same as exercise and physical fitness?

A

No

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13
Q

What is exercise?

A

planned, structured and repetitive bodily movement done to improve or maintain one or more components of physical fitness

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14
Q

What is physical fitness?

A

a set of attributes that people have or achieve that relates to the ability to perform physical activity

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15
Q

After discontinuing an endurance training program how long does it take to lose half of the positive effects?

A

2 weeks

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16
Q

What 5 things can people who maintain or improve their levels of physical activity expect?

A
  • better able to perform ADLs
  • less likely to develop pain
  • better able to avoid disability
  • develop better balance, coordination, and agility, which leads to fall prevention
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17
Q

Physical activity may also decrease the risk of what 7 chronic diseases?

A
  • Coronary heart disease
  • Hypertension
  • Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
  • Osteoporosis
  • Colon caner
  • Anxiety
  • Depression
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18
Q

Describe the ethnic differences in physical activity

A

Elderly African Americans and other ethnic minority populations are less active than white Americans

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19
Q

Physical activity is measured as a ration between what 2 things?

A

basal metabolic rate (BMR) and the rate required to perform a particular task

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20
Q

What is BMR?

A

the amount of energy required to sustain the body at rest in a supine position

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21
Q

The ratio between basal metabolic rate (BMR) and the rate required to perform a particular task is measured in what?

A

metabolic equivalents (METs)

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22
Q

What is cardiorespiratory endurance?

A

the ability to perform whole body activities for extended periods of time without unwarranted fatigue

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23
Q

What are the adaptations that occur within the circulatory system in response to exercise?

A
  • Cardiac output (CO)
  • Stroke volume (SV)
  • Heart rate (HR)
  • Blood flow
  • Blood pressure (BP)
  • Oxygen consumption
  • Mitochondria
  • Hemoglobin concentration
  • Myoglobin
  • Fat and carbohydrates
  • Lung changes that occur due to exercise
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24
Q

What happens to HR in response to exercise?

A

it increases with exercise

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25
Q

What happens to stroke volume in response to exercise?

A

The amount of blood pumped out by the left ventricle of the heart with each beat increases

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26
Q

What happens to cardiac output in response to exercise?

A

The amount of blood discharged by each ventricle per minute increases

27
Q

What happens to blood flow in response to exercise?

A

The amount of blood flowing to the various organs increases during exercise, but it is increased to active skeletal muscle and decreased to nonessential organs

28
Q

What happens to blood pressure in response to exercise?

A

Systolic BP increases in proportion to oxygen consumption and cardiac output, but diastolic shows no significant change

29
Q

What happens to oxygen consumption in response to exercise?

A

It rises rapidly during the first minutes of exercise and levels off as the aerobic metabolism supplies the energy required by the working muscles

30
Q

What happens to mitochondria in response to exercise?

A

There is an increase in size and number of mitochondria with exercise

31
Q

What happens to hemoglobin concentration in response to exercise?

A

Hemoglobin concentration in the blood does not change, but because endurance training produces an increase in total blood volume, there is a corresponding increase in the amount of hemoglobin to the tissues

32
Q

What happens to myoglobin concentration in response to exercise?

A

There is increased myoglobin content in the tissues

33
Q

What happens to fat and carbohydrate usage in response to exercise?

A

It increases

34
Q

What happens to the lungs in response to exercise?

A

There is an increase in the volume of air that can be inspired in a single maximal ventilation

35
Q

What is the energy required to power muscular activity is derived from?

A

the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi)

36
Q

What are the 3 energy systems that contribute to the resynthesis of ATP via ADP rephosphorylation?

A
  • Phosphagen System
  • Glycolysis System
  • Oxidative System
37
Q

Describe the phosphagen system

A

It is an anaerobic process that provides ATP primarily for short-term, high-intensity activities but is active at the start of all exercises regardless of intensity

38
Q

What is the most immediate reserve for the rephosphorylation of ATP at the onset of skeletal muscle contraction?

A

phosphocreatine (PCr)

39
Q

Describe the glycolysis system

A

It is an anaerobic process that involves the breakdown of carbs into pyruvate to produce ATP in which pyruvate is then transformed into lactic acid

40
Q

Describe the oxidative system

A

It is an aerobic system that is the primary source of ATP at rest and during low-intensity activities

41
Q

Which energy system is active during the first 10 seconds of activity?

A

ATP-PCr

42
Q

Which energy system is active during between 10 and 30 seconds of activity?

A

ATP-PCr plus glycolysis

43
Q

Which energy system is active during between 30 seconds and 2 minutes of activity?

A

glycolysis

44
Q

Which energy system is active during between 10 2 and 3 minutes of activity?

A

glycolysis plus oxidative system

45
Q

Which energy system is active during between 10 2 and after 3 minutes of activity?

A

oxidative system

46
Q

What are the 2 physiologic factors to recovery?

A
  • Adequacy of the blood supply to the working muscle

- Maintenance of a viable chemical environment

47
Q

What are the 2 psychological factors to recovery?

A
  • motivation

- incentive

48
Q

What are the anaerobic energy sources of ATP-PCr and lactic acid are replenished by?

A

the oxidative system

49
Q

What is excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)?

A

The extra O2 that is taken and used to replenish the anaerobic energy sources after cessation of the exercise effort

50
Q

What are the risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

A
  • High BP (>140/90)
  • Smoking
  • Elevated serum cholesterol
  • Lack of regular exercise
  • Family history of C/V disease
  • Stress
  • Diabetes
  • Obesity
  • Sex
  • Age
51
Q

What can happen if you exercise a patient at a level which is too high?

A

It can cause the cardiorespiratory system to work anaerobically

52
Q

Initially you should exercise a patient at what percentage of their maximum HR?

A

60%

220-age

53
Q

A systolic BP of greater than what indicates exercise intolerance?

A

> 200-210mmHg

54
Q

A diastolic BP of greater than what indicates exercise intolerance?

A

> 110mmHg

55
Q

A drop in systolic BP of greater than __ mmHg is indicative of exercise intolerance

A

20

56
Q

An increase in HR greater than __ beats per minute is indicative of exercise intolerance

A

50

57
Q

What is the FITT principle?

A 
The training factors to consider with continuous training:
    Frequency
    Intensity 
    Type 
    Time
58
Q

In order to see improvements in cardiorespiratory endurance, what is the frequency in which a person should exercise?

A

no less than 3 sessions per week

59
Q

For aerobic activities, the exercise activity should be at a level that is __-__% of VO2max or __-__% of maximal HR

A

40-85% of VO2max

55-90% of maximal HR

60
Q

In order to improve/maintain cardiorespiratory endurance what type of activity must the exercise program employ?

A

activity must be aerobic, involving large muscle groups activated in a repetitive and rhythmic manner. Such as Treadmill, elliptical, ARC trainer, ergometers, or free weights and elastic resistance of low intensity and high reps

61
Q

For minimal improvement of cardiorespiratory endurance to occur, how long must the patient participate in continuous activity?

A

20 minutes

62
Q

- minutes per day provides a training effect in poorly conditioned people

A

3 to 5 minutes

63
Q

__-__ minutes, 3-5 times per week is optimal for conditioned people

A

20 to 60 minutes

631: Clinical Management of the Musculoskeletal System I (19 decks)

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