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The mouth Flashcards

1
Q

Outline the embryological development of the tooth

A

1: Bud stage. Line of epithelial cells condenses along jaw margins, invaginate to form dental bud. Surrounded by proliferating mesenchymal cells
2: Cap stage. Bud infolds to form dental cap, neural crest derived mesenchyme forms dental papilla. Remains connected to epithelium via cord of cells, give off-shoots to form more buds.
3: Epithelial cells => ameloblasts => form enamel
4: Mesenchymal cells => odontoblasts =>form dentine
5: Bell stage. Mesenchyme around bud forms vascular dental sac (dental follice). Inner layer forms cementoblasts => cementum. Outer layer form osteoblasts => alveolar bone
6: Enamel organ comprises stellate reticulum plus ameloblasts and outer enamel epithelium
7: Dental sac differentiates into the periodontal ligament

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2
Q

Describe the features of dental anatomy used to age animals

A
  • Number of teeth
  • The type of teeth present (incisors, premolar, molar)
  • Deciduous vs permanent teeth
  • Degree of wear on teeth
  • Presence of cups, dental star, Galvayne’s groove
  • Spurs or hooks on teeth
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3
Q

Name the salivary glands

A
  • Parotid
  • Mandbular
  • Zygomatic
  • Sub-lingual
  • Buccal
  • Numerous minor ones (caudal third of tongue, buccal mucosa, labial mucosa and soft palate)
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4
Q

Describe the structure of the salivary glands

A
  • All paired
  • Vary in shape and size depending on species
  • Empty via large ducts, minor have multiple short ducts
  • Made up of multiple salivons
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5
Q

Describe the structure of a basic salivon (top to exit)

A
  • Acinus at top, producing area, made up of mucus and serous cells
  • Serous cells: water secretion similar to plasma
  • Mucus cells: mucoid secretion
  • Plasma cells: around acini, produce IgA
  • Intercalated duct: the gathering of the acinus area, secrete HCO3- and absorb Cl-
  • Striated duct: exchange of ions, many mitochondria give striated appearance, secrete K+ and HCO3- and absorb Na+
  • Secretory ducts: convey saliva to the mouth
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6
Q

Outline the components of saliva and give basic species differences

A
  • Colourless
  • Electrolytes
  • Proteins
  • Amylase
  • Desquamated cells from mucosa
  • Lymphocytes
    Mucin (if mucus secreting gland)
  • Bicarbonate (buffer)
  • Human: acidic
  • Most other species alkaline (depends on food eaten)
  • Composition modified in strated region
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7
Q

Outline the functions of saliva and describe some species differences

A
  • Wetting agent/lubricant
  • Enzyme action
  • Buffering action in rumen and to maintain oral pH
  • Anti-foaming
  • Antibacterial (peroxide based)
  • Taste (water soluble components dissolve in saliva)
  • Phosphate present as buffer
  • Urea for fermentation
  • Thermoregulation in dogs and cats
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8
Q

Indicate how and why the electrolyte composition of saliva varies with salivary flow rate and how it compares to plasma

A
  • Primary secretion from acini
  • Modified in ducts
  • Na reabsorbed, HCO3 and K secreted
  • Level of alteration depends on flow
  • Greater volume produced, closer to primary secretion concentrations achieved (increased flow rate)
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9
Q

What is the composition of saliva from the mandibular gland in man, ungulates, dogs and cats and rodents? (Serous, mucoid, mixed)

A
  • Mixed in man, ungulates, dogs and cats

- Serous in rodents

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10
Q

What is the composition of saliva from the sub-lingual gland in horses, cattle, pigs, dogs, cats and rodents? (Serous, mucoid, mixed)

A
  • Mixed in horse, cattle, pigs, dogs and cats

- Mucoid in rodents

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11
Q

Describe stimuli to saliva secretion

A
  • Produced in response to neural and hormonal stimuli
  • Feeding (taste, smell, composition)
  • Reflex
  • Can be conditioned
  • Balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic
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12
Q

Describe how salivary secretion can be modified by the autonomic nervous system

A
  • Sympathetic:
  • Viscous, amylase, protein, increased flow in response to taste, visual and olfactory stimuli

Parasympathetic:

  • Water, high volume, continuous basal flow
  • Cr. nn VII: mandibular, sublingual, palatine
  • Cr. nn IX: parotid (and zygomatic)
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13
Q

Describe the parotid gland

A
  • Ventral to base of ear (base of auricular cartilage in retromandibular position)
  • V shaped
  • Produces mixed saliva
  • Single duct
  • Duct runs craniomedially across masseter muscle (dog, sheep) or ventral to it (cattle, horse, pig)
  • Duct opens into upper buccal area by maxillary 4th premolar
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14
Q

Describe the zygomatic gland

A
  • Only in dog and cat
  • Rostral portion of pterygopalatine fossa on floor of orbit ventral and medial to zygomatic arch and dorsolateral to last maxillary molar tooth
  • Duct opens in upper buccal mucosa, opposite upper first molar or caudal to this
  • Usually caudal to parotid duct opening
  • May have several (~4) minor openings nearby
  • Ridge with several small red dots
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15
Q

Describe the mandibular gland

A
  • Caudal and medial to angle of mandible
  • Limited by linguofacial vein ventrally and maxillary vein caudally
  • Produces mixed saliva
  • Capsule shared with monostomatic portion of sublingual salivary gland
  • Duct opens at sublingual papilla (caruncle) at base of lingual frenulum
  • In 30% of dogs, mandibular and sublingual ducts merge
  • Can underogo cystic change
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16
Q

Describe the sublingual gland

A
  • Polystomatic and monostomatic parts
  • Mono: long sublingual duct, next to mandibular duct, opens at sublingual caruncle
  • Poly: 6-12 lobules with independent short ducts opening sublingually near frenulum
  • Mucus mainly, lesser serous component
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17
Q

Describe the minor buccal and palatine glands

A
  • Many small ducs opening locally from gland to the mucosa
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18
Q

Describe the phases of swallowing (deglutition)

A
  • 3 stages: voluntary, involuntary, reflex
  • 1: masticated food and saliva formed into bolus, pushed up and back to pharynx
  • 2: Swallowing reflex, soft palate elevates. Posterior nares closed, epiglotis covers larynx and trachea, breathing suspended
  • 3: Oesophagus dilates, bolus passes, oesophagus closes and epiglottis uncovers trachea, bolus moves down oesophagus to stomach
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19
Q

Briefly outline the function of the tongue (especially in swallowing)

A
  • Muscular organ
  • Prehends food, controls food delivery to teeth
  • Forms food bolus
  • Pushes bolus caudally to be swallowed
  • Freely mobile in mammals, variably fixed to floor of mouth in others
  • Papillae for taste, molecules dissolve in saliva so can taste
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20
Q

Briefly outline the function of the hyoid apparatus

A
  • Supports larynx from the skull
  • Series of bones
    Present in many animals, not just mammals
  • Attachment for muscles
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21
Q

Briefly outline the structure and function of the pharyngeal wall in relation to swallowing

A
  • Made up of striated muscles
  • Constriction and shortening: rostral (palatopharyngeus), middle (hyopharyngeus), caudal (thyropharyngeus)
  • Insert on roof of pharynx = dorsal and lateral arches allowing passage of food
  • Dilation: stylopharyngus caudalis
  • Innervated by vagus and glossopharyngeal nerve
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22
Q

Compare swallowing in mammals and reptiles

A

Mammals: hard palate present, freely mobile tongue, sllows suckling and breathing at same time, can drink by sucking due to 3 seals: lips, tongue against soft palate and soft palate against epiglottis
- Reptiles: secondary hard palate incomplete in many species, no lip seal, minimal chewing, skull types affect prehension

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23
Q

What are the motor nerve supplies in the mouth?

A
  • Masticatory: V3 trigeminal
  • Jaw opening: rostral portion is V3, caudal portion is VII
  • Swallowing: IX and X
  • Intrinsic tongue muscles: XII
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24
Q

What are the sensory nerve supplies to the mouth?

A
  • Touch (GSA):
    -> tongue/buccal mucosa: V3
    -> teeth: V2 and V3
    -> pharynx/larynx: IX/X
    Taste (SVA):
    -> rostral 2/3 of tongue: VII
    -> caudal 1/3 of tongue: IX
    -> caudal pharynx and larynx: X
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25
Q

Give the names and numbers of the cranial nerves.

A 
I: Olfactory
II: Optic
III: oculomotor 
IV: trochlear
V: trigeminal 
V1: ophthalmic
V2: maxillary 
V3: mandibular 
VI: abducens
VII: facial
VIII: vestibulocochlear
IX: glossopharyngeal
X: vagus
XI: Accessory 
XII: hypoglossal
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26
Q

Describe basic dental anatomy and function relevant to common species

A
  • Found in all bones of the skull across species
  • Mammals: incisive, maxilla and mandible
  • Snakes: palatine teeth
  • Heterodont vs heterodont
  • Monophyodont vs polyphyodont vs diphyodont
  • Scrodont vs pleurodont vs thecodont
  • 4 quadrants of the mouth
  • Upper teeth on maxillary bone, close to nasal chamber and maxillary sinus
  • Lower teeth on mandible, mandibular canal runs ventrally
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27
Q

Define heterodont and homodont

A
  • Hetero: different types of teeth in one mouth

- Homodont: one type of teeth in one mouth

28
Q

Define monophyodont, polyphyodont and diphyodont

A

Mono: teeth not replaced
Poly: teeth continuously replaced
Di: 2 sets of teeth, teeth replaced once

29
Q

Define acrodont, pleurodont and thecodont

A

Acro: teeth on marginal border of jaw
Pleuro: teeth on medial border of jaw
Theco: teeth in deep sockets

30
Q

What is meant by: labial/buccal, lingual, palatal, mesial, distal and occlusal when referring to teeth surfaces?

A 
Labial/buccal: lateral/cheek side 
Lingual: medial side of mandibular teeth 
Palatal: medial side of maxillary teeth 
Mesial: rostral side
Distal: caudal side
Occlusal: meeting surface of the teeth
31
Q

Describe the modified Triadan system and how it is used

A
  • Each toth has a 3 digit number
  • 1st digit = quadrant
  • 2nd and 3rd identify the tooth
  • Clockwise from top left quadrant (permanent): 1-2-3-4
  • Clockwise from top left (temporary): 5-6-7-8
  • Numbers are not skipped even if tooth is missing
  • Incisors: 01,02,03
  • Canines: 04
  • Premolars: 05, 06, 07, 08
  • Molars: 09, 10, 11
32
Q

Describe the regional and species differences in tooth structure and relate them to food intake

A
  • Flesh: soft, need sharp teeth
  • Bone, shells: hard, need crushing teeth
  • plants: hard, need grinding teeth to break down cells
  • Dentition designed for food
  • At back of mouth mostly chewing teeth, at front mostly prehension and holding onto prey
33
Q

What are the main parts of the anatomy of a tooth?

A
  • Crown (exposed part)
  • Enamel
  • Dentine
  • Pulp
  • Periodontium
  • Root (buried part)
  • Nerve
  • Cementum
  • Periodontal ligament
  • Alveolar bone
  • Gingiva
34
Q

Describe the structure of the tooth crown.

A
  • Visible/supragingival
  • Made up of enamel, dentine and cementum in herbivores
  • Enamel: hard, smooth
  • Dentine: hard, tubules
  • Cusps formed
  • Contains some of pulp cavity
35
Q

Describe the structure of the enamel of teeth

A
  • Very hard
  • 97% hydroxyapatite
  • Acellular
  • No repair possible
  • Dissolves in acid
  • Only on crown
  • Not always present
36
Q

Describe the structure of dentine

A
  • Living tissue (odontoblasts with processes in dentinal tubules)
  • Primary: most of dentine, formed as tooth grows, mineralised collagen
  • Secondary: grows slowly, formed after eruption, makes the pulp cavity smaller
  • Tertiary: reaction to damage, irregular structure, helps fill in damage
37
Q

Describe the structure of tooth pulp

A
  • Pulp cavity is same as root canal
  • Contains blood vessels, lymph, nerves
  • Narrows with ages due to secondary dentine deposition
  • Closed apex when finished erupting
  • Open apex in continually erupting teeth
  • Apical delta - many small canals at apex
38
Q

Describe the structure and function of periodontium

A
  • Attach, support, protect
  • Alveolar bone
  • Periodontal ligament between the alveolar bone and the cementum and gingiva
39
Q

Describe the structure of the gingiva

A
  • Made up of squamous epithelium
  • Dense fibrous layer
  • Closely bound to periosteum
  • Reflects onto cemento-enamel junction to form a pocket
  • Pocket called gingival sulcus (food trapped, site where inflammation may start)
40
Q

Describe the structure and function of dental cementum

A
  • Similar to bone
  • Peripheral to dentine or enamel
  • In herbivores is on the outside
  • Attachment for periodontal fibres
41
Q

Describe the structure and function of the periodontal ligament

A
  • Series of angled collagen fibres
  • Supports tooth
  • Shock absorber
  • Spreads load into whole socket
42
Q

Describe the structure and function of the tooth root

A
  • Made up of cementum, dentine and root canal
  • Apical delta at the apex of the root
  • Can be single or multi rooted
  • Can be closed or open
  • Closed: tooth erupts slowsly and continuously (horses and cattle) or erupts to fixed height
  • Open: root apex si open, tooth continually grows and erupts e.g. rodent teeth
43
Q

Describe basic tooth replacement

A
  • Deciduous dentition: eruption followed by replacement, law of succession (new pushes out older)
  • Permanent dentition eruption: eruption process unknown, dental follicle importnat and only occurs when crown is complete
  • Remnants of deciduous teeth fall off as caps
  • As tooth grows, primary dentine grows, pulp remains large, open root
  • Mature tooth: secondary dentine gradually replaces pulp, closed root
44
Q

Describe the structure-function relationships for other structures (bones, muscles ad joints) involved in the process of mastication in mammalians

A
  • Simple jaw joint (also true for crocodilia)
  • Akinetic jaw
  • Teeth in sockets in mandible, maxilla and incisive bone
  • Temporomandibular joint has meniscus and so is in 2 parts
  • Synovial joint
  • Skull side compartment for translation movements
  • Mandible side for hinge movements
  • Hinge joint but has lateral and rostro-caudal movement (grinding and opposing of teeth
45
Q

What is the difference in the vertical ramus of the mandible of the herbivore compared to carnivores?

A

Longer in herbivores, allows more occlusion

46
Q

Describe the dental anatomy and its function in carnivores

A
  • Brachydont
  • Erupt to set height
  • Incisors: nibbling/nipping
  • Canines: puncture/graps
  • Carnassials: cut/shear
  • Molars: crush
  • Jaw move laterally to bring carnassials into action (crushing of bones)
47
Q

Describe the dental anatomy and its function in herbivores

A
  • Hypsodont
  • Most of tooth hidden within socket, so all of teeth enamel covered by cementum
    Adapted dentition (flat surfaced, folded enamel)
  • Grinding purpose
  • Continuous eruption/growth to match wear
  • Slow eruption: horses/ruminants
  • Slow growth: small furries
  • Incorrect diet can lead to growth being faster than wear (tooth overgrowth, elongation, spurs etc)
48
Q

Describe ruminant eruption patterns with age

A
  • Cattle: adult central incisors erupt at 2 years
  • Called broad teeth (physical appearance)
  • Sheep adult incisors erupt 1, 2, 3 and 4 years (canine incisor shaped)
  • As fall out called broken mouthed
49
Q

Describe the dentition of pigs

A
  • low, rounded cusps (bunodont)
  • Typical omnivore teeth
  • Has all the teeth it is possible to have
50
Q

Define hyperdontia

A 
Supernumerary teeth
(poodles, terriers usually canine tooth does not shed, traps food)
51
Q

Define hypodontia

A

Fewer teeth than normal

52
Q

Describe how a radiograph of dogs’ teeth are obtained

A
  • Use bisecting line technique
  • If beam perpendicular to jaw then root will appear to short
  • If beam is perpendicular to tooth then root will appear too long
  • Place plate in mouth, make line parallel to tooth
    Do bisecting line between tooth and plate
  • Direct beam 90degrees to bisectin line
53
Q

List the extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A
  • Genioglossus
  • Styloglossus
  • Hyoglossus
  • Geniohyoideus
54
Q

Give the attachments, innervation, blood supply and function of the genioglossus muscle

A
  • Origin: Dorsally on the incisive part of tha mandible
  • Insertion: Fans upward in the sagittal plane
  • Innervation: Hhypoglossal nerve
  • Function: bundles at apex of tongue retract that part. Bundles at root of tongue drag tongue forward
55
Q

Give the attachments, innervation, blood supply and function of the styloglossus muscle

A
  • Origin: stylohyoid bone
  • Innervation: hypoglossal nerve
  • Function: draw back tongue and elevate it
56
Q

Give the attachments, innervation, blood supply and function of the hyoglossus muscle

A
  • Origin: basihyoid bone
  • Insertion: runs forward lateral to genioglossus
  • Innervation: hypoglossal
  • Function: draw tongue back
57
Q

Give the attachments, innervation and function of the geniohyoideus muscle

A
  • Origin: incisive part of mandible
  • Insertion: hyoid bone
  • Innervation: hypoglossal nerve
  • Function: draw hyoid and thus the tongue forward
58
Q

List the muscles of mastication

A
  • Masseter
  • Temporalis
  • Digastricus
  • Pterygoideus
59
Q

Give the attachments, innervation and function of the masseter muscle

A
  • Origin: maxillary region of skull and zygomatic arch
  • Insertion: wide insertion on caudal part of mandible
  • Innervation: V3 (mandibular part of trigeminal nerve)
  • Function: Raise mandible and draw towards active side, more developed in herbivores due to more chewing
60
Q

Give the attachments, innervation and function of the temporalis muscle

A
  • Origin: lateral surface of the cranium
  • Insertion: coronoid process of the mandible
  • Innervation: V3
  • Function: raise mandible (larger in dogs and cats due to scissor like closing of jaw)
61
Q

Give the attachments, innervation and function of the digastricus muscle

A
  • Origin: skull caudal to the temporomandibular joint
  • Insertion: ventral margin of the mandible
  • Innervation: Digastric branch of the facial nerve
62
Q

Give the attachments, innervation and function of the pterygoideus

A
  • Origin: pterygopalatine region of the skull
  • Insertion: mandible (medial side)
  • Innervation: V3
  • Function: raise mandible and draw inwards
63
Q

Describe the general structure of the tongue

A
  • Can be divided into root, body and apex
  • Attached to floor of teh oral cavity cranially by the frenulum
  • Dorsal surface covered in papillae
  • Can be mechanical or gustatory
  • 4 main muscles
64
Q

Describe the mechanical papillae of the tongue

A
  • Filiform, conical and marginal
  • More numerous, give raspy texture of tongue (cows, cats)
  • marginal papillar present in newborn carnivores, aid suckling
65
Q

Describe gustatory papillae of the tongue

A
  • Vallate, fungiforme and foliate
  • For taste, named by shape
  • Often situated near salivary glands in order to allow molecules to dissolve to taste

GI (31 decks)

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