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Parasitology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Isospora suis

A
  • Coccidian
  • Causes coccidiosis
  • Very few needed to cause clinical symptoms
  • Infection from environment main source
  • Oocysts very resistant to external influences
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2
Q

Describe the life cycle of Isospora suis

A
  • Sporogeny
  • Ingestion of sporulated oocyst
  • Excystation ofoocyst and release of sporozoites
  • Schizogeny
  • Release of merozoites
  • Invade epithelial ells
  • Repeat process
  • Gametogony
  • Oocyst formation
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3
Q

Describe the process of sporogony

A
  • The development of a non-infectious oocyst to an infectious one
  • Produce sporocysts
  • Asecual preorduction
  • Occurs outside host
  • Infection only occurs when sporulated oocyst is ingested
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4
Q

Describe the process of schizogony

A
  • Once ingested bile salts and digestive enzymes cause wall to be eroded
  • Release and activate sporozoites
  • Penetrate intestinal villus epithelium
  • Asexual reproduction occuring endogenously
  • Trophozoites form, asexual division produces first stage merozoites
  • Rupture and enter lumen
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5
Q

What happens to first stage merozoites after they are released

A
  • Invade new cells

- Repeat asexual reproduction to produce second generation merozoites

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6
Q

What happens to the second generation merozoites?

A
  • Can continue invasion and production of merozoites
  • Or undergo gametogony
  • Sexual division occuring endogenously
  • Merozoites differentiate into micro or macrogamont
  • Micro into macro leads to fertilisation
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7
Q

Describe oocyst formation

A
  • Macrogametocyte fertilised by micro
  • Macro contains wall forming body 1 (WFB1) and wall forming body 2 (WFB2)
  • WFB1 forms outer layer of oocyst
  • WFB2 forms inner layer
  • Oocyst shed in faeces adn begins to sporulate
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8
Q

Describe the clinical symptoms caused by Isospora suis

A
  • Diarrhoea
  • High morbidity, low mortality
  • Unresponsive to antibiotic treatment
  • Pasty watery faeces
  • Uneven weight gain, pigs hairy
  • Longer time taken to reach final weight
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9
Q

How is the pathology caused?

A
  • Damage to villi due to action of oocysts, reducing absorption and promoting bacterial overgrowth
  • Degree of coccidiosis seems not be dependent on number of oocysts ingested
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10
Q

Describe the immunity to Isospora suis

A
  • Strong degree of resistance to reinfection
  • Resistance not transferred in colostrum
  • Age related resistance
  • 3 day old piglets more susceptible than 19 day old piglets
  • Age related development (maturation) of innate immune system important
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11
Q

Describe the control and treatment of Isospora suis

A
  • Treat with Baycox
  • Good hygiene of pens, avoid mixing age groups
  • Resistant to disinfection!
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12
Q

Describe the epidemiology of Ascaris suum

A
  • Global significance
  • Often seen in summer
  • Greatest effect on pig growth 3-6months of age
  • Over 4 months some degree of resistance
  • Adults shed low numbers of eggs
  • Major economic loss at slaughter
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13
Q

Describe the effects of Ascaris suum

A
  • Milk spots on liver

- Fibrosis caused by migrating larvae

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14
Q

Explain how Ascaris suum can be monitored

A
  • Abattoir monitoring
  • Worm egg count in faeces
  • In abattoir look for liver damage
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15
Q

Explain why worm egg counts may not be accurate for Ascaris suum

A
  • Egg laying intermittent

- May not be detected in single samplings

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16
Q

What anthelmintics are effective in treating Ascaris suum?

A
  • Avermectins
  • Flubendazole
  • Fenbendazole
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17
Q

Compare Ascaris suum in housed vs free-range pigs

A
  • More in free range
  • Will almost definitely be some infestation
  • Inside easier to keep clean, need goo hygiene
  • Burn old bedding
  • Eggs and larvae survive longer in damp wet conditions
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18
Q

List important parasites of pigs

A
  • Trichuris suis
  • Oesophagostomum spp.
  • Hyostrongylus rubidus
  • Strongyloides ransomi
  • Trichinella spiralis
  • Ascaris suum
  • Isospora suis
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19
Q

Describe Strongyloides ransomi

A
  • Pig threadworm
  • PPP 5-7 days
  • Warm climate
  • Free living forms
  • Female can develop into infective L3s or can reproduce with males to produce more L1s
  • Only females parasitic
  • L3 not ensheathed
  • Larvae do not survive well in dry conditions
  • Sow infected via skin or mucous membranes of mouth
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20
Q

What causes the pathology in Strongyloides ransomi

A
  • Larvae migration to intestine and burrowing
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21
Q

Describe the pathology caused by Strongyloides ransomi

A
  • In adults similar signs to mange
  • In piglet 10-14 days of age joint pain, coughing, bloody diarrhoea, anaemia
  • Mortality can be very high
  • Failure to thrive most usual sign
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22
Q

Describe the control of Strongyloides ransomi

A
  • Clean and dry farrowing house

- Ivermectin 7-14 days prior to farrowing

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23
Q

Describe the life cycle of Strongyloides ransomi

A
  • Ingest infective L3s
  • Develop to L4
  • Parasitic females
  • Produce females and male L1s
  • Males and females can either go straight to L2 and then infective L3 by direct development
  • Or males and females can go on to L2, L3, L4 and then free living male
  • These then mate to produce more L1s
  • L1s then go to L2 and infective L3s
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24
Q

Describe Gasterophilus spp.

A
  • Arthropod
  • Stomach bots
  • Flies look like small bumblebees
  • Larvae overwinter and mature in stomach or small intestine
  • Infection very common
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25
Q

Describe the life cycle of Gasterophilus spp.

A
  • Adult flies active in middle of day in warm months
  • Lay white/yellow sticky eggs on legs of horses
  • Eggs either hatch spontaneously or when stimulated by horse’s saliva whilst grooming
  • 1 very small and mobile (develop in mouth, tongue and gums)
  • L1-2 occurs in pharynx
  • L2 attaches to base of tongue, migrates to stomach
  • L3 attaches to squamous gastric mucosa
  • Larvae survive here for 10-12 months before being passed out to pupate in faeces
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26
Q

Where do the L3 of Gasterophilus intestinalis attach?

A

Margo picatus

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27
Q

Where do the L3 of Gasterophilus nasalis attach?

A

Dorsoproximal part of duodenum

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28
Q

Describe the L3 larvae of Gasterophilus

A
  • Body covered with irritant tools
  • 2cm long
  • Rows of strong spikes
  • 2 strong hooks on mouth pieces
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29
Q

Describe the pupation of L3 larvae

A
  • Expulsion May to September
  • Penetrate soil
  • Transform into pupae
  • Flies hatch 30-40 days later
  • Not in bedding, only fields (need soil)
  • Killed by frost and moisture/flooding
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30
Q

Describe the diagnosis of Gasterophilus

A
  • Gastroscopy not faecal analysis

- Rarely casue disease

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31
Q

Why is faecal analysis not accurate for the diagnosis of Gasterophilus?

A
  • Survive in intestine for long time before being excreted
  • No eggs in faeces
  • Larvae obvious if are present though
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32
Q

Describe the control of Gasterophilus

A
  • Cannot control flies, short life span, don’t eat in this time
  • Bot knife effective
  • Ivermectin kills all stages
  • Moxidectin kills L2-L3
  • Once in soil cannot do anythign about it
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33
Q

Describe the epidemiology of Habronema species

A
  • Nematode
  • Transmitted by flies
  • Not common
  • Depends on yard cleanliness and fly numbers
  • PPP 6-8 weeks
  • Reservoir in infected horses adn flies
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34
Q

Describe the life cycle fo Habronema

A
  • Adult worms in stomach
  • Eggs or L1 passed in faeces
  • Hatch in faeces, L1 ingested by fly maggots
  • Develop to L3 in fly maggots
  • Infective L3 migrate to mouth parts of fly
  • Deposited on lips, nostrils and conjunctiva and skin sores by flies
  • Migrate through tissues to stomach
  • Adult worms live and reproduce in stomach
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35
Q

Describe the clinical signs of Habronema

A
  • Skin sores

- Conjunctivities

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36
Q

Describe the prevention of Habronema

A
  • Good fly control and muck heap management
  • Frequent replacement of bedding
  • Collection/removal of droppings in paddocks
  • Cover wounds, treat ocular diseases causing ocular discharge
  • Killed in horse with worming for other parasites
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37
Q

List horse parasites of the small intestine

A
  • Parascaris equorum
  • Strongyloides westeri
  • Anoplocephala perfoliata
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38
Q

Describe the epidemiology of Parascaris equorum

A
  • Ascarids
  • Life cycle same as all ascarids
  • Disease usually in horses under 2 years old
  • Common
  • Large worms
  • 40cm long
  • PPP 10-16 weeks
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39
Q

Describe the life cycle of Parascaris equorum

A
  • When temp and humidity increase developed from L1 to L2 in shell
  • Eggs containing L2 ingested by horse
  • L2 larvae hatch
  • pass through intestinal wall, transform to L3
  • Migrate to liver via HPV
  • Stay in liver for a week, enter vena cava to pulmonary alveoli
  • Moult to L4
  • Travel up bronchi to trachea
  • Coughed up and swallowed
  • Return to stomach and SI and mature as adults
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40
Q

Describe the clinical signs of Parascaris equorum

A
  • Coughing and nasal discharge when in lungs
  • Poor goat, weight gain, dull, anorexic
  • Colicking due to bowel obstruction
  • Disorders of bone and tendons
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41
Q

How is Parascaris equorum diagnosed

A
  • Difficult, long PPP
  • Repeated faecal analysis
  • Endoscopy down to duodenum
  • Eosinophils in tracheal washes, BAL
42
Q

Describe the treatment of Parascaris equorum

A
  • Benzimidazole

- Avermectins

43
Q

Describe the prevention of Parascaris equorum

A
  • Hard to prevent pasture contamination
  • Remove faeces daily
  • 3 year rotation of paddocks
  • Deworm foals regularly
44
Q

Describe the epidemiology of Strongyloides westeri

A
  • Foals <1 months
  • Transmammary transmission
  • Adults from free-living larvae penetrating skin
  • Direct or indirect life cycle
45
Q

Describe the direct life cycle of Strongyloides westeri

A
  • Larvae shed in droppings
  • 2 transformations into infective larvae
  • Penetrate body through skin or buccal mucosa, stomach or intestine
  • Transform twice more to parthogenic females
  • Larvae migrate to lungs, to trachea, swallowed, enter intestine as adults
  • Enter mammary glands
46
Q

Describe the indirect life cycle of Strongyloides westeri

A
  • Larvae in droppings
  • 4 moults to adults
  • Lay eggs, form infective larvae
  • Penetrate body through skin, buccal mucosa, stomach or intestine
  • Larvae migrate to lungs, to trachea, swallowed enter intestine as adults
  • 2 more moults to be adult
47
Q

What is unusual about the reproduction of Strongyloides westeri?

A
  • Female produces ovum with full set of genes
  • Male not needed to fertilise egg
  • Threat to biodiversity
  • Known as parthogenic females
48
Q

Describe the diagnosis of Strongyloides westeri

A
  • Faecal analysis in foals
  • Look for eggs
  • Usually negative in adults so not useful
49
Q

Describe the clinical signs of Strongyloides westeri

A
  • Profuse non-fetid diarrhoea
  • NO temperature
  • Sick quite quickly
  • Cuase of diarrhoea at foal heat
  • Sometimes cough
50
Q

Describe how Strongyloides westeri can be prevented

A
  • Pick up faeces regularly in paddocks
  • Anthelmintics e.g. benzimidazoles (v high doses)
  • Avermectins (Ivermectin good for larval and adult stages)
  • Worm dam day of parturition and 12 hours later to prevent passage in milk
  • Not always practical
51
Q

Describe the epidemiology of Anoplocephala perfoliata

A
  • Cestode
  • Mostly young horses but can be any age
  • Ileum, ileocaecocolic valve
  • Most common equine tapeworm
  • Whole surface can act as digestive tract
52
Q

Describe the appearance of Anoplocephala perfoliata

A
  • No hooks, large suckers that attach to intestinal mucosa
  • Large, fat, short, segmented, wrinkly
  • 4-8cm length, 1cm width
53
Q

Describe the life cycle of Anoplocephala perfoliata

A
  • Reproduce via hermaphroditism (male segment fertilises female segment)
  • Reproorgans deteriorate, leaving only uterus full of eggs
  • Segment with eggs detaches from rest of worm
  • Migrates to LI, ruptures releasing eggs
  • Eggs released infective to oribatid mites (intermediate host)
  • Eggs ingested by mites, cysticercoid larvae hatches, infective in 2 weeks
  • Live in mite for life span
  • Horse ingests mites with cysticercoid
  • Attach to mucosa, mature into adults in 6-10 weeks
  • Adults live for 4-6 months
  • Overwintering in horse and mite
54
Q

Describe the immune response to Anoplocephala perfoliata

A
  • Worms within intestine
  • More pronounced reponse in older horses
  • More likely to clear infection
55
Q

Describe the diagnosis of Anoplocephala perfoliata

A
  • ELISA
  • Faecal analysis difficult (intermittent egg shedding)
  • Flotation methods
  • Blood test (most reliable)
56
Q

Describe the clinical signs of infection with Anoplocephala perfoliata

A
  • Colic (ileal impaction, ileocolic intussecptions, caecal impactions)
  • Diarrhoea
  • Spasmodic (gas) colic
  • Functional and physical blockages
57
Q

Describe the treatment and prevention of Anoplocephala perfoliata

A
  • 2 drugs
  • Pyrantel
  • Praziquantel (in autumn, high risk horses also in June)
  • Stable horses 48 hours after working to prevent increased pasture contamination as increased expulsion of parasite following deworming
  • Cannot kill mites
58
Q

What are metacestodes?

A
  • immature forms of cestodes
  • Cystlike
  • Cause the most damage
  • Often most significant element of life cycle
  • Have different names to adults
59
Q

Describe the structure of cestodes

A
  • chain of proglottids attaached by head
  • Distal segments full of eggs shed in faeces
  • Called gravid segments
  • Proglottids mature as are shifted down by production of new cells on top of original one
60
Q

Name the different types of metacestode

A
  • Cysticercus
  • Coenurus
  • Hydatid
61
Q

List the nematodes of dogs

A
  • Toxocara canis
  • Toxascaris leonina
  • Ancylostoma caninum
  • Uncinaria steenocephala
  • Strongyloides stercoralis
62
Q

Describe the egg appearance of Taenia spp.

A
  • Simialr to ascarid eggs
  • Multi-layer, thick shell
  • Lots of striations
  • NO protein layers
63
Q

What is the larval stage of Taenia spp.?

A

Cysticercus

64
Q

Describe the structure of the adult Taenia spp.

A
  • Suckers and hookes (2 rows)
  • Most have 4 suckers
  • Armed rostellum
  • Proglottids have one genital pore
65
Q

What are the main Taenia spp, of dogs?

A
  • Pisiformis
  • Hydatigena
  • Multiceps
  • Ovis
  • serialis
66
Q

Describe the life cycle of Taenia solium

A
  • Pig eats eggs
  • Eggs hatch into oncospheres
  • Oncospheres migrate to muscle tissues
  • Oncospheres form cysticerci in muscle tissues
  • Human ingests undercooked meat containing cysts
  • Released from muscle in stomach
  • Adults mature and live in small intestine
  • Gravid proglottids containing eggs released in faeces
67
Q

What is the main Taenia species of cats?

A
  • Taenia taenieaformis
68
Q

What is the larval stage of Taenia taeieaformis?

A

Stroblocercus fasciolaris (in liver)

69
Q

What is the life cycle of Taenia taenieaformis?

A
  • Indirect
  • Rodent intermediate host
  • Strobilocercus fasciolaris found in liver
  • Cat definitive host
  • Adult tapeworm found in SI
70
Q

Name the intermediate stages of Taenia pisiformis, hydatigena, multiceps, ovis, serialis

A
  • Cysticercus pisiformis
  • Cysticercus tenuicollis
  • Coenurus cerebralis
  • Cysticercus ovis
  • Coenurus serialis
71
Q

Describe cysticerci

A
  • Only on scolex

- Develop into one worm

72
Q

Describe coenuri

A
  • Multiple scolexes
  • Develop into multiple worms
  • Leads to more serious infection
73
Q

Describe the clinical signs of taeniasis

A
  • Infrequent
  • Perineal irritation, licking, chewing
  • Scooting
  • Proglottids found in faeces or on coat (grains of rice)
74
Q

Describe the general life cycle of Taenia species

A
  • Intermediate host ingests eggs from faeces
  • Eggs hatch into oncospheres
  • Oncospheres migrate to muscle tissue and develop into metacestode
  • Metacestode ingested by definitive host in uncooked meat
  • Metacestode develops into adult, proglottids containing eggs shed in faeces
75
Q

Describe the epidemiology of Dipylidium caninum

A
  • Definitive host SI of dog and cat
  • Intermediate host flea/louse
  • Adults 30-50cm long
  • Eggs laid in pockets
76
Q

Describe the structure of the adult Dipylidium caninum

A
  • 30-50cm long
  • Suckers and protrusible hooks on rostellum
  • 4/5 rows of small hooks
  • Cucumber shaped mature segments
  • 2 genital pores
77
Q

Describe the life cycle of Dipylidium caninum

A
  • Gravid proglottids released in faeces (or emerge from perianal region)
  • Eggs released
  • Egg packets ingested by larval stage of flea
  • Oncospheres hatch, penetrate intestinal wall
  • Cysticercoid larvae develop in body cavity
  • Flea develops into adult
  • has infective cysticercoid
  • Host ingests flea containing cysticercoid
  • Animals can transmit to humans, or humans can ingest infected fleas
78
Q

Describe the epidemiology of Echinococcus epp

A
  • Adults in SI small

- Eggs resistant for 1-2 years in environment

79
Q

Describe the adults of Echinococcus species

A
  • Terminal proglottid makes up half of length
  • 3-4 segments make up inner germinal epithelium
  • Buds off brood capsules
  • Contain many scolices
  • Single genital pore
80
Q

What is the larval stage of Echinococcus species?

A

Hydatid cyst

81
Q

What species of Echinoccus are important in dogs/foxes?

A
  • Echinococcus granulosus (dogs)

- Echinococcus multilocularis (foxes)

82
Q

Describe the life cycle of Echinoccus granulosus

A
  • Proglottids shed in faeces
  • Sheep eats eggs
  • Develop to hydatid cysts in liver/lungs
  • Dog eats offal containing cysts
  • Can be zoonotic
83
Q

Describe the life cycle of Ancylostomatidea in dogs

A
  • Eggs in faeces
  • Within 5 days L1 hatch
  • Develop to L3
  • L3 ingested or penetrate skin
  • If ingested take cariopulmonary route, moult to L4 in trachea
  • Coughed up, swallowed, reach intestine to moult to adult
  • Somatic L3 larvae can go via milk to pups
84
Q

Describe the epidemiology of Uncinaria stenocephala

A
  • Dogs
  • SI infection
  • No pulmonary migration
  • Can penetrate skin but will not establish
  • Signs rare
85
Q

What are the clinical signs of Uncinaria stenocephala

A
  • Usually rare
  • Diarrhoea
  • Dematitis
86
Q

List the important hookworms of dogs

A
  • Ancylostoma caninum
  • Ancylostoma tubaeforme
  • Uncinaria stenocephala
  • Strongyloides stercoralis
87
Q

Describe the life cycle of Strongyloides stercoralis

A
  • Direct or indirect
  • Direct: eggs hatch to L1, deevlop to L3, L3 penetrate skin, into circulation, lungs, trachea, swallowed, into intestine, parthenogenic female, eggs released
  • Indirect: L1 to adult male and female, mate to produce egg, egg to L1-L3, ingested, circulation, lungs, swallowed, intestine, adult, eggs
88
Q

List some important zoonotic parasites

A
  • Toxocara canis
  • Heterphyes heterophyes
  • Diphyllobothrium latum
89
Q

List the important nematodes of birds

A
  • Heterakis gallinarum
  • Ascarids
  • Trichostrongylus tenuis
  • Capillaria spp.
90
Q

List the important tapeworms of birds

A
  • Amoebotaenia sphenoides
  • Choanotaenia infundibulum
  • Davainea proglottina
91
Q

Describe the ascarids of birds

A
  • Ascaridia spp. in SI up to 12cm
  • Heterakis spp. in LI up to 1-2cm
  • Oval, smooth shelled eggs
  • Non-migratory
  • Earthworm may be paratenic host
92
Q

What is the importance of Heterakis gallinarum

A

Vector for protozoan Histomona meleagridis (blackhead)

93
Q

Describe Trichostrongylus tenuis

A
  • SI and caeca
  • Mostly game birds
  • Small (<1cm)
  • Direct life cycle
  • L3 infective stage
  • Can be fatal
94
Q

Describe the life cycle of Trichostrongylus tenuis

A
  • Parasite eggs shed in bird’s faeces
  • Eggs hatch
  • L1-L2 development
  • L3 crawl to top of vegetation, accumulate in drops of water
  • Birds ingest larvae
  • Adult feeds on lining of intestine
95
Q

What are the important Capillaria species in birds?

A
  • Obsiginata
  • Caudinflata
  • Contorta
96
Q

Decribe Capillaria obsignata

A
  • Chicken, turkey, pigeon
  • SI
  • Direct
  • L1 in egg infective stage
  • No intermediate host
  • PPP 3-4 weeks
97
Q

Describe Capillaria caudinflata

A
  • Chicken, turkey
  • SI
  • Indirect
  • IH: earthworm
  • PPP 3-4 weeks
98
Q

Describe Capillaria contorta

A
  • Chicken, turkey, duck
  • Oesophagus, crop
  • Indirect
  • Earthworm
  • PPP 3-4 weeks
99
Q

Describe Dilepididae of birds

A
  • Amoebotaenia sphenoides
  • 4mm long, SI, cysticercoid in earthworm
  • Choanotaenia infundibulum
  • 20cm long, SI, cysticercoid in house fly/beetles
100
Q

Describe Davainea prglottina

A
  • 4mm long
  • Fowl and pigeons
  • Pathogenic
  • Rostellum and suckers have hooks
  • In duodenum
  • Leads to blood loss and enteritis
  • larval stage cysticercoid
  • Intermediate host slugs and snails

GI (31 decks)

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