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GI > Equine GIT > Flashcards

Equine GIT Flashcards

1
Q

What is different in the equine stomach compared to other species?

A
  • 2 distinct regions of mucosa
  • Squamous and glandular epithelium
  • Separated by margo plicatus
  • 5-15 litre capacity
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2
Q

Describe the equine small intestine

A
  • 10-30m long
  • 3 parts (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
  • Loosely coiled
  • Long mesenteric attachment, no fixed position
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3
Q

List some of the common diseases of the small intestine in the horse

A
  • Parasitic infestation
  • Diarrhoea
  • Impactions
  • Twists and strangulation
  • Infiltrative bowel disease (malabsorption)
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4
Q

Describe the equine large intestine

A
  • Adaptation to high roughage diet
  • Microbial digestion and water absorption
  • Made up of caecum, large colon, small colon
  • Ventral colon and caecum have taenia and haustra
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5
Q

What is the function of the taenial bands?

A
  • Muscular bands

- Important in mixing and moving ingesta

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6
Q

What is the function of the sacculations/haustra?

A

Increase surface area

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7
Q

Describe the equine caecum

A
  • Blind ending sac
  • 2 muscular valves controlling entry and exit of ingesta
  • 25-35litre capacity
  • Major site for microbial digestion of cellulose, absorption of water and electrolytes
  • Pacemaker for motility
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8
Q

Describe the equine large colon

A
  • 4 regions: RVC, LVC, LDC, RDC
  • Capacity for 55-130 litres
  • Major site for microbial digestion of cellulose, absorption of water and electrolytes
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9
Q

Describe the equine small colon

A
  • Storage of faeces and absorption of remaining water

- Narrow diameter

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10
Q

What is the clinical importance of the equine large colon?

A
  • Narrow diamter, common site for impactions

- Esp. miniature horses

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11
Q

Describe the diet and feeding habits of the horse

A
  • Grazing diet
  • Need high fibre
  • Trickle feeders - graze continuously for up to 17 hours a day
  • Not designed to eat lush grass or cereals
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12
Q

What is the fate of cellulose and hemicellulose in the horse?

A
  • Cannot be digested

- Breakdown by bacteria

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13
Q

What is the fate of carbohydrate, protein and fat in the diet?

A
  • Digested and absorbed in small intestine
  • Starch to glucose and galactose
  • Oligopeptides to dipeptides, tripeptides and AAs
  • TAGs to fatty acids and monoglycerides
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14
Q

What is the fate of fructans in the diet?

A
  • Not digested in SI or stomach
  • Pass into LI
  • Digested by bacteria
  • Produces acidic environment
  • Alters LI bacterial flora
  • Can lead to pathological disease
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15
Q

Where does water absorption take place in the horse?

A
  • Caecum

- Large colon

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16
Q

Describe what can be felt in a rectal palpation

A
  • Start top middle (12 oclock) move anticlockwise
  • Aorta at top
  • Then caecum on RHS (sacculations, taenia, large diameter, can feel body)
  • Then small colon (small diameter, 2 taenial bands, faecal balls)
  • Pelvic flexure (variable diameter, no sacculations, no taenial bands, indentable contents, can move avross midline)
  • Caudal edge of spleen (against body wall, smooth, sharp border, no palpable masses)
  • Nephrosplenic ligament (between spleen and left kidney)
  • Caudal pole of left kidey (smooth margins, against spleen)
17
Q

What are the classes of cause for abdominal disease?

A
  • Diet
  • Anatomical predisposition
  • Motility disturbances
  • Infection
  • Parasites
  • Ulceration
  • Other organs/systems (false colic)
    (DAMIPOU)
18
Q

What does colic refer to?

A

Abdominal pain

19
Q

Give examples of how diet can cause colic

A
  • Rapid change in diet, microflora take time to adapt

- Increased gas production = predisposed to colic

20
Q

Give an example of an anatomical predisposition that may lead to colic

A

Inguinal hernia in a foal

21
Q

Give an example of a motility disturbance that may cause colic

A

Box rest

22
Q

What should you look out for on physical examination of a horse presenting with colic?

A
  • Overall impression of horse
  • TPR
  • Mucuous membranes
  • Pulse quality, CRT, digital pulses
  • Gastrointestinal sounds
  • Abdominal distension
  • Skin turgor (not always accurate for hydration status)
23
Q

What diagnostic tests may be carried out in a horse presenting with colic?

A
  • Blood sample
  • Nasogastric intubation
  • Faecal examination
  • Abdominal paracentesis
  • Ultrasonography
  • Endoscopy
  • Radiography
  • Rectal palpation

GI (31 decks)

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