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GI > Abdominal wall > Flashcards

Abdominal wall Flashcards

1
Q

What are the boundaries of the abdominal cavity?

A
  • Cranial limit: diaphragm
  • Caudal limit: pelvic inlet
  • Abdominal wall around the outside (external, internal abdominal oblique, transversus abdominis)
  • Ventrally abdominal wall (rectus sheath, rectus abdominis, linea alba)
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2
Q

What are the layers of the abdominal wall going from outside to inside

A
  • Skin
  • Fat
  • External abdominal oblique
  • Internal oblique
  • Transverse abdominus
  • Rectus abdominus
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3
Q

In what direction do the fibres of the external abdominal oblique muscle run?

A
  • Caudoventrally (/)

- “hands in pocket”

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4
Q

What is the function of the external abdominal oblique?

A
  • Compression of abdominal cavity

- Rotation of trunk

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5
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the abdominal oblique muscle?

A
  • Origin: costal cartilages

- Insertion: wide aponeurosis forming inguinal ligament

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6
Q

In what direction do the fibres of the internal abdominal obliue muscle run?

A
  • Fibres run cranioventrally

- “Ymca” muscle (\/)

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7
Q

What is the function of the internal abdominal oblique muscle?

A
  • Opposes rotation caused by the external oblique

- Compresses diaphragm

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8
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the internal abdominal oblique muscle?

A
  • Origin: coxal tuberosity, transverse process of lumbar vertebra, iliac fascia
  • Insertion: linea alba and final rib costal arch
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9
Q

In what direction do the fibres of the transverse abdominal muscle run?

A
  • Transversely across the abdomen (=)

- Sling type muscle

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10
Q

What is the function of the transverse abdominal muscle?

A
  • Compress ribs

- Provides stability

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11
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the transverse abdominal muscle?

A
  • Origin: transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae, ribcage

- Insertion: linea alba

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12
Q

In what direction do the fibres of the rectus abdominal muscle run?

A
  • Longitudinally on both sides of the linea alba (II)
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13
Q

What is the function of the rectus abdominal muscle?

A
  • Assists in breathing and abdominal stability
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14
Q

What are teh origins and insertions of the rectus abdominal muscle?

A
  • Origin: sternum, sternal rib cartilage

- Insertion: prepubic tendon and pecten of pubic bone

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15
Q

What is unusual about the rectus abdominus compared to the other abdominal muscles?

A
  • Lies within sheath

- Has tendinous intersections (transverse bands of fibrous tissue across muscle)

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16
Q

What muscles are innervated by the ilioinguinal nerve?

A
  • Internal and external oblique

- Transverse abdominal muscles

17
Q

Where does the ilioinguinal nerve originate from?

A

L2

18
Q

What muscles are innervated by the iliohypogastric nerve?

A
  • Internal external abdominal obliques

- Transverse abdominal muscles

19
Q

What structures are innervated by the genitofemoral nerve?

A
  • Sensory and motor to inner thigh

- Cremasteric reflex, contraction when superior medial part of thich is touched

20
Q

What areas are supplied by the cranial abdominal artery?

A
  • Transversus abdominus

- Internal abdominal obliques

21
Q

What areas are supplied by the deep circumflex iliac arteries?

A
  • Skin of caudal abdominal area
  • Flank
  • Cranial thigh
22
Q

Describe the anatomy of the inguinal canal

A
  • Floor is inguinal ligament
  • Formed from external oblique aponeurosis as it folds over and inserts
  • More of a slit
  • in males testes pass through here
23
Q

Describe the crura of the diaphragm

A
  • Right arises from vertebral bodies and intervertebral fibrocartilages of the first 3 lumbar vertebrae
  • Left arises from the first 2 lumbar vertebrae
24
Q

Describe the costal attachments of the diaphragm

A

Lower costal cartilages adn ribs by digitations

25
Q

What are the openings in the diaphragm?

A
  • Aortic hiatus
  • Oesophageal hiatus
  • Caval foramen (fixed to diaphragm and so moves with diaphragm)
26
Q

What is the importance of the hiati in the diaphragm?

A
  • Not attached to structures

- Herniation can easily occur

27
Q

What structures pass through the diaphragm to the abdomen?

A
  • Oesophagus
  • Aorta
  • Vena cava
  • Nerves via sympathetic chain
  • Hemiazygous vein
28
Q

Describe the peritoneum

A
  • Serous membrane which lines abdominal cavity
  • 3 sections
  • Sac between different sections called peritoneal cavity
  • Peritoneum can excrete and resorb fluid (function in disease and peritonitis) and resorb gas
  • Peritoneal fluid normally present in peritoneal cavity and acts as lubricant
  • Diseases include peritonitis, neoplasia and haemorrhage
29
Q

What are the 3 layers of peritoneum?

A
  • Parietal (lining body wall)
  • Visceral (lining abdominal organs)
  • Connecting (forming mesentery)
30
Q

What are the layers of teh body wall?

A
  • Skin, epidermis, dermis and subcutis
  • External fascia of trunk
  • Deep sheet of external fascia
  • External abdominal oblique
  • Internal abdominal oblique
  • Transversus abdominis
  • Internal fascia of trunk (transverse fascia) and peritoneum
31
Q

Describe the rectus sheath

A
  • Tendinous sheath, encloses rectus abdominis

- Formed by aponeuroses of other abdominal muscles

32
Q

Describe the linea alba

A
  • Fibrous tissue
  • Aponeurotic joining of left and right abdominal oblique and transversus muscles
  • Extends from xiphoid process to pubis
  • Includes umbilicus
  • Wide cranially, narrows caudally
  • Strongest point for abdominal incisions
33
Q

Describe the innervation of the body wall

A
  • Ventral branches of thoracic and lumbar nerves (T13, L1 and L2)
  • Skin of abdomen supplied by dorsal and ventral rami of spinal nerves
  • Muscles and deep structures supplied by ventral rami
  • Nerves pass obliquely in caudal direction
  • T13, L1, L2 exit from vertebra foramina at associated transverse processes
  • Go in caudal direction so by the tips of transverse processes are positioned at L1, L2 adn L4
34
Q

Describe a paravertebral nerve block

A
  • Used as anaesthetic for paralumbar approach in large animals
  • Can be blocked proximally (dorsal aspect of T13, L1 and L2) or distally (ventral to lateral tips of L1, L2, L4)
35
Q

Describe the vascular supply to the abdominal wall

A
  • Cranial region: internal thoracic artery adn cranial epigastric artery (branch of brachiocephalic trunk)
  • Diaphragm: phrenicoabdominal artery (branch of abdominal artery)
  • Caudal region: caudal epigastric artery and external pudendal artery (branch of external iliac artery)
36
Q

Describe the anatomy of the inguinal canal

A
  • 2 regions, superficial and deep inguinal ring
  • Superficial between 2 tendons of external abdominal oblique
  • Deep is on caudal border of internal abdominal oblique
  • Testes descend through here
37
Q

What structures are in the inguinal canal?

A
  • Spermatic cord in males
  • External pudendal artery and vein
  • Genitofemoral nerve
  • Lymphatics

GI (31 decks)

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