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BACTE > THE MICROBIAL WORLD > Flashcards

THE MICROBIAL WORLD Flashcards

1
Q

requires an organic source of carbon, such as glucose, and obtain energy by oxidizing or fermenting organic substances

A

heterotrophs

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2
Q

[determination of cell numbers]

growing dilutions of broth cultures on agar plates

A

direct plate count

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3
Q

[type of fermentation]

  • Propionic acid is the major end product
  • carried out by Propionibacterium acnes and some anaerobic non–spore forming, gram-positive bacilli
A

Propionic acid fermentation

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4
Q

eight (8) types of fermentation

A
  • Alcoholic fermentation
  • Homolactic fermentation
  • Heterolactic fermentation
  • Mixed acid fermentation
  • Butanediol fermentation
  • Propionic acid fermentation
  • Butyric acid fermentation
  • Lactose fermentation
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5
Q

consists of the biochemical reactions bacteria use to break down organic compounds and the reactions they use to synthesize new bacterial parts from the resulting carbon skeletons

A

microbial metabolism

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6
Q

[phases of growth]

  • a phase during which bacteria numbers increase logarithmically
  • the cells are in a steady state
A

log phase

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7
Q

[phases of growth]

a phase during which bacteria are preparing to divide, adapt to their new environment

A

lag phase

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8
Q

require a reduced level of oxygen to grow

A

microaerophilic bacteria

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9
Q

Organisms requiring high salt concentrations

A

halophilic

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10
Q

[type of fermentation]

  • The end product is lactic acid
  • All members of the Streptococcus genus and many members of the Lactobacillus genus
A

Homolactic acid fermentation

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11
Q

two (2) important diagnostic tests used in the identification of the Enterobacteriaceae

A
  • Voges Proskauer (VP)
  • methyl red tests
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12
Q

The time required for one cell to divide into two cells is called the?

A

generation time / doubling time

(20 min-24hrs)

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13
Q

genetic potential of the DNA of an organism

A

genotype

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14
Q

the phage DNA instead becomes incorporated into the bacterial genome, where it is replicated along with the bacterial chromosomal DNA, this state is known as

A

lysogeny

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15
Q

consists of a single, closed, circular piece of dsDNA that is supercoiled to fit inside the cell

A

genome

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16
Q

the killing of cells by rapid cooling

A

cold shock

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17
Q

_________ forms part of the structure of several coenzymes and is found in the cysteinyl and methionyl side chains of proteins

A

sulfur

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18
Q

Phosphate is always assimilated as _____________________

A

free inorganic phosphate (Pi)

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19
Q

survival requires _________ to fuel the synthesis of materials necessary for growth, propagation, and carrying out all other metabolic processes

A

energy

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20
Q

transfer of bacterial genes by a bacteriophage (virus infected bacterium) from one cell to another

A

transduction

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21
Q

[type of fermentation]

  • all organisms that can ferment lactose can also ferment glucose
A

Lactose fermentation

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22
Q

cannot grow in the presence of oxygen

A

obligate anaerobes

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23
Q

two (2) types of transposable elements

A
  • simple transposon / insertion sequence
  • composite transposon
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24
Q

[type of fermentation]

  • acids as end products
  • Members of the genera Escherichia, Salmonella, and Shigella within the Enterobacteriaceae
A

Mixed acid fermentation

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25
Q

bacterial chromosome is also called the?

A

genome

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26
Q

The intact DNA molecule is composed of _____________

A

two nucleotide polymers

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27
Q

during the loss of water, the cytoplasmic membrane collapses away from the cell wall, which is called?

A

plasmolysis

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28
Q

[temperature]

thermophilic

A

50-60 degrees C

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29
Q

duplication of chromosomal DNA for insertion into a daughter cell

A

replication

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30
Q

[true or false]

All bacteria that inhabit the human body fall into the heterotrophic group

A

true

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31
Q

bacteria that can tolerate high salt concentrations

A

halotolerant

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32
Q

an anaerobic process carried out by both obligate and facultative anaerobes

A

fermentation

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33
Q

[phases of growth]

  • a phase in which nutrients are becoming limited and the numbers of bacteria remain constant
  • cell turnover takes place
  • slow loss of cells through death
A

stationary phase

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34
Q

the processing of information encoded in genetic elements that results in the production of biochemically functional molecules, including RNA and proteins

A

gene expression

35
Q

ability to assimilate N2
reductively via NH3, and is a property unique to prokaryotes

A

nitrogen fixation

36
Q

can survive in the presence of oxygen but do not use oxygen in metabolism

A

facultative aerobes / aerotolerant anaerobes

37
Q

The simplest mobile piece of DNA is an insertion sequence (IS) element: ______________

A

short transposons

38
Q

the synthesis of ssRNA (with the aid of the enzyme RNA polymerase) using one strand of the DNA as a template

A

transcription

39
Q

[type of fermentation]

  • The end products are acetoin (acetyl methyl carbinol) and 2,3-butanediol
  • Members of the genera Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Serratia within the Enterobacteriaceae
A

Butanediol fermentation

40
Q

pieces of DNA that are mobile and may jump from one region in the chromosome to another region

A

jumping genes

41
Q

the actual synthesis of a specific protein from the mRNA code

A

translation

42
Q

[type of fermentation]

The major end product is ethanol

A

Alcoholic fermentation

43
Q

A DNA sequence that encodes for a specific product (RNA or protein)

A

gene

44
Q

[temperature]

hyperthermophilic

A

> 100 degrees C

45
Q

four (4) major types of RNA

A
  • messenger RNA (mRNA)
  • transfer RNA (tRNA)
  • ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
  • noncoding RNA (ncRNA)
46
Q

[phases of growth]

  • a phase when the number of nonviable bacterial cells exceeds the number of viable cells
  • decline phase
  • few cells growing at the expense of nutrients released
A

death phase

47
Q

three (3) major mechanisms for generating metabolic energy

A
  • fermentation
  • respiration
  • photosynthesis
48
Q

organisms requiring high osmotic pressures

A

osmophilic

49
Q

[true or false]

Most microorganisms can use sulfate as a sulfur source

A

true

50
Q

are pieces of DNA that move from one genetic element to another, from plasmid to chromosome or vice versa

A

transposable elements

51
Q

four (4) phases of growth

A
  • lag phase
  • log phase
  • stationary phase
  • death phase
52
Q

many bacteria contain extra information on small circular pieces of extrachromosomal, dsDNA called ________

A

plasmids

53
Q

[determination of cell numbers]

measures the density (cloudiness/turbidity) of a bacterial broth culture

A

density measurement

54
Q

are specific DNA sequences that code for the amino acid sequence in one protein

A

genes

55
Q

genes that are always expressed

A

constitutive genes

56
Q

[type of fermentation]

  • produce butyric acid as their primary end product along with acetic acid, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen
  • Clostridium species, Fusobacterium, and Eubacterium
A

Butyric acid fermentation

57
Q

[pH]

neutralophiles

A

7.0-7.5

58
Q

require oxygen for growth

A

obligate aerobes

59
Q

Genes that code for antibiotic resistance (and sometimes toxins or other virulence factors) are often located on _________

A

plasmids

60
Q

genetic characteristics of a cell that actually are expressed and can be observed

A

phenotype

61
Q

synthesis of a set of “heat-shock proteins,” when exposed to a sudden rise in temperature above the growth optimum

A

heat-shock response

62
Q

uses carbon dioxide as the sole source of carbon, with only water and inorganic salts required in addition

A

autotrophs (lithotrophs)

63
Q

[pH]

acidophiles

A

<6.5-3.0 up to 1.0

64
Q

located in the cytoplasm of the cell and are self-replicating and passed to daughter cells, similar to chromosomal DNA

A

plasmids

65
Q

Bacteria replicate by _____________, with one cell dividing into two cells

A

binary fission

66
Q

[temperature]

mesophilic

A

30-37 degrees C

67
Q

related mobile elements that contain additional genes

A

transposons

68
Q

allows the IS element to pop into and out of DNA

A

transposase enzyme

69
Q

grow best when the atmosphere is enriched with extra carbon dioxide (5% to 10%)

A

capnophilic organisms

70
Q

an efficient energy generating process in which molecular oxygen is the final electron acceptor

A

respiration

71
Q

fermentation and respiration, commonly referred to as

A

oxidation

72
Q

when an IS element inserts itself into the middle of a gene, it ________ and _________ the gene

A

disrupts, inactivates

73
Q

[temperature]

psychrophilic

A

15-20 degrees C

74
Q

can grow either with/without oxygen

A

facultative anaerobes

75
Q

___________ and ___________________ carry out aerobic respiration, in which oxygen is the final electron acceptor

A

obligate aerobes, facultative anaerobes

76
Q
  • often carry antibiotic resistance genes and are usually located in plasmids.
  • carries information necessary for their migration from one genetic locus to another
  • they create insertion mutations
A

transposons

77
Q

three (3) determination of cell numbers

A
  • direct counting
  • direct plate count
  • density measurement
78
Q

exist as double-stranded, closed, circular, autonomously replicating extrachromosomal genetic elements

A

plasmids

79
Q

[type of fermentation]

  • In addition to lactic acid, the end products include carbon dioxide, alcohols, formic acid, and acetic acid
  • some lactobacilli
A

Heterolactic fermentation

80
Q

the transfer of genetic material from a donor bacterial strain to a recipient strain

A

conjugation

81
Q

[pH]

alkaliphiles

A

> 8.0-10.5

82
Q
  • gene that is expressed only under certain conditions
  • inducible
A

silent genes

83
Q

Acts as a blueprint for protein construction

A

mRNA

84
Q

“Virus-infected bacterium”

A

Bacteriophage

BACTE (6 decks)

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