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BACTE > THE MICROBIAL WORLD > Flashcards

THE MICROBIAL WORLD Flashcards

1
Q

requires an organic source of carbon, such as glucose, and obtain energy by oxidizing or fermenting organic substances

A

heterotrophs

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2
Q

[determination of cell numbers]

growing dilutions of broth cultures on agar plates

A

direct plate count

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3
Q

[type of fermentation]

  • Propionic acid is the major end product
  • carried out by Propionibacterium acnes and some anaerobic non–spore forming, gram-positive bacilli
A

Propionic acid fermentation

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4
Q

eight (8) types of fermentation

A
  • Alcoholic fermentation
  • Homolactic fermentation
  • Heterolactic fermentation
  • Mixed acid fermentation
  • Butanediol fermentation
  • Propionic acid fermentation
  • Butyric acid fermentation
  • Lactose fermentation
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5
Q

consists of the biochemical reactions bacteria use to break down organic compounds and the reactions they use to synthesize new bacterial parts from the resulting carbon skeletons

A

microbial metabolism

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6
Q

[phases of growth]

  • a phase during which bacteria numbers increase logarithmically
  • the cells are in a steady state
A

log phase

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7
Q

[phases of growth]

a phase during which bacteria are preparing to divide, adapt to their new environment

A

lag phase

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8
Q

require a reduced level of oxygen to grow

A

microaerophilic bacteria

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9
Q

Organisms requiring high salt concentrations

A

halophilic

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10
Q

[type of fermentation]

  • The end product is lactic acid
  • All members of the Streptococcus genus and many members of the Lactobacillus genus
A

Homolactic acid fermentation

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11
Q

two (2) important diagnostic tests used in the identification of the Enterobacteriaceae

A
  • Voges Proskauer (VP)
  • methyl red tests
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12
Q

The time required for one cell to divide into two cells is called the?

A

generation time / doubling time

(20 min-24hrs)

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13
Q

genetic potential of the DNA of an organism

A

genotype

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14
Q

the phage DNA instead becomes incorporated into the bacterial genome, where it is replicated along with the bacterial chromosomal DNA, this state is known as

A

lysogeny

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15
Q

consists of a single, closed, circular piece of dsDNA that is supercoiled to fit inside the cell

A

genome

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16
Q

the killing of cells by rapid cooling

A

cold shock

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17
Q

_________ forms part of the structure of several coenzymes and is found in the cysteinyl and methionyl side chains of proteins

A

sulfur

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18
Q

Phosphate is always assimilated as _____________________

A

free inorganic phosphate (Pi)

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19
Q

survival requires _________ to fuel the synthesis of materials necessary for growth, propagation, and carrying out all other metabolic processes

A

energy

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20
Q

transfer of bacterial genes by a bacteriophage (virus infected bacterium) from one cell to another

A

transduction

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21
Q

[type of fermentation]

  • all organisms that can ferment lactose can also ferment glucose
A

Lactose fermentation

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22
Q

cannot grow in the presence of oxygen

A

obligate anaerobes

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23
Q

two (2) types of transposable elements

A
  • simple transposon / insertion sequence
  • composite transposon
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24
Q

[type of fermentation]

  • acids as end products
  • Members of the genera Escherichia, Salmonella, and Shigella within the Enterobacteriaceae
A

Mixed acid fermentation

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25
bacterial chromosome is also called the?
genome
26
The intact DNA molecule is composed of _____________
two nucleotide polymers
27
during the loss of water, the cytoplasmic membrane collapses away from the cell wall, which is called?
plasmolysis
28
[temperature] thermophilic
50-60 degrees C
29
duplication of chromosomal DNA for insertion into a daughter cell
replication
30
[true or false] All bacteria that inhabit the human body fall into the heterotrophic group
true
31
bacteria that can tolerate high salt concentrations
halotolerant
32
an anaerobic process carried out by both obligate and facultative anaerobes
fermentation
33
[phases of growth] - a phase in which nutrients are becoming limited and the numbers of bacteria remain constant - cell turnover takes place - slow loss of cells through death
stationary phase
34
the processing of information encoded in genetic elements that results in the production of biochemically functional molecules, including RNA and proteins
gene expression
35
ability to assimilate N2 reductively via NH3, and is a property unique to prokaryotes
nitrogen fixation
36
can survive in the presence of oxygen but do not use oxygen in metabolism
facultative aerobes / aerotolerant anaerobes
37
The simplest mobile piece of DNA is an insertion sequence (IS) element: ______________
short transposons
38
the synthesis of ssRNA (with the aid of the enzyme RNA polymerase) using one strand of the DNA as a template
transcription
39
[type of fermentation] - The end products are acetoin (acetyl methyl carbinol) and 2,3-butanediol - Members of the genera Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Serratia within the Enterobacteriaceae
Butanediol fermentation
40
pieces of DNA that are mobile and may jump from one region in the chromosome to another region
jumping genes
41
the actual synthesis of a specific protein from the mRNA code
translation
42
[type of fermentation] The major end product is ethanol
Alcoholic fermentation
43
A DNA sequence that encodes for a specific product (RNA or protein)
gene
44
[temperature] hyperthermophilic
>100 degrees C
45
four (4) major types of RNA
- messenger RNA (mRNA) - transfer RNA (tRNA) - ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - noncoding RNA (ncRNA)
46
[phases of growth] - a phase when the number of nonviable bacterial cells exceeds the number of viable cells - decline phase - few cells growing at the expense of nutrients released
death phase
47
three (3) major mechanisms for generating metabolic energy
- fermentation - respiration - photosynthesis
48
organisms requiring high osmotic pressures
osmophilic
49
[true or false] Most microorganisms can use sulfate as a sulfur source
true
50
are pieces of DNA that move from one genetic element to another, from plasmid to chromosome or vice versa
transposable elements
51
four (4) phases of growth
- lag phase - log phase - stationary phase - death phase
52
many bacteria contain extra information on small circular pieces of extrachromosomal, dsDNA called ________
plasmids
53
[determination of cell numbers] measures the density (cloudiness/turbidity) of a bacterial broth culture
density measurement
54
are specific DNA sequences that code for the amino acid sequence in one protein
genes
55
genes that are always expressed
constitutive genes
56
[type of fermentation] - produce butyric acid as their primary end product along with acetic acid, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen - Clostridium species, Fusobacterium, and Eubacterium
Butyric acid fermentation
57
[pH] neutralophiles
7.0-7.5
58
require oxygen for growth
obligate aerobes
59
Genes that code for antibiotic resistance (and sometimes toxins or other virulence factors) are often located on _________
plasmids
60
genetic characteristics of a cell that actually are expressed and can be observed
phenotype
61
synthesis of a set of “heat-shock proteins,” when exposed to a sudden rise in temperature above the growth optimum
heat-shock response
62
uses carbon dioxide as the sole source of carbon, with only water and inorganic salts required in addition
autotrophs (lithotrophs)
63
[pH] acidophiles
<6.5-3.0 up to 1.0
64
located in the cytoplasm of the cell and are self-replicating and passed to daughter cells, similar to chromosomal DNA
plasmids
65
Bacteria replicate by _____________, with one cell dividing into two cells
binary fission
66
[temperature] mesophilic
30-37 degrees C
67
related mobile elements that contain additional genes
transposons
68
allows the IS element to pop into and out of DNA
transposase enzyme
69
grow best when the atmosphere is enriched with extra carbon dioxide (5% to 10%)
capnophilic organisms
70
an efficient energy generating process in which molecular oxygen is the final electron acceptor
respiration
71
fermentation and respiration, commonly referred to as
oxidation
72
when an IS element inserts itself into the middle of a gene, it ________ and _________ the gene
disrupts, inactivates
73
[temperature] psychrophilic
15-20 degrees C
74
can grow either with/without oxygen
facultative anaerobes
75
___________ and ___________________ carry out aerobic respiration, in which oxygen is the final electron acceptor
obligate aerobes, facultative anaerobes
76
- often carry antibiotic resistance genes and are usually located in plasmids. - carries information necessary for their migration from one genetic locus to another - they create insertion mutations
transposons
77
three (3) determination of cell numbers
- direct counting - direct plate count - density measurement
78
exist as double-stranded, closed, circular, autonomously replicating extrachromosomal genetic elements
plasmids
79
[type of fermentation] - In addition to lactic acid, the end products include carbon dioxide, alcohols, formic acid, and acetic acid - some lactobacilli
Heterolactic fermentation
80
the transfer of genetic material from a donor bacterial strain to a recipient strain
conjugation
81
[pH] alkaliphiles
>8.0-10.5
82
- gene that is expressed only under certain conditions - inducible
silent genes
83
Acts as a blueprint for protein construction
mRNA
84
"Virus-infected bacterium"
Bacteriophage

BACTE (6 decks)

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