HOST-MICROORGANISM INTERACTIONS

Question 1

they are able to survive but do not multiply on the surface, and are frequently shed with the host cell

Answer 1

transient colonizers

Question 2

[corresponding infection-disease stages]

no signs or symptoms

Answer 2

incubation stage

Question 3

number of new diseases/infected persons in a population

Answer 3

disease incidence

Question 4

the incidence of a particular disease state

Answer 4

morbidity rate

Question 5

• the administration of antibiotics when the risk of developing an infection is high
• another common medical intervention for preventing infection

Answer 5

prophylactic antimicrobial therapy

Question 6

infections acquired as a result of a medical procedure, such as insertion of a central line, catheter, or ventilator, or as a result of participation or admission into a health care facility

Answer 6

health care-associated infection

Question 7

infections caused by opportunistic pathogens

Answer 7

opportunistic infections

Question 8

most commonly associated with gram-positive bacteria

Answer 8

exotoxin

Question 9

hospital-acquired, healthcare-associated, or long-term care-associated infections are referred to as ______________

Answer 9

nosocomial infections

Question 10

when a human infection results from animal bites, bite of insect vectors, it is referred to as ______________

Answer 10

zoonotic infection

Question 11

an epidemic that spans the world

Answer 11

pandemic

Question 12

measure or degree of pathogenicity of an organism

Answer 12

virulence

Question 13

five (5) infection-disease stages

Answer 13

• incubation stage
• prodromal stage
• clinical stage
• stage of decline
• convalescent stage

Question 14

any type of epidemiologic investigation that involves data collection for characterizing circumstances surrounding the incidence/prevalence of a particular disease/infection

Answer 14

surveillance

Question 15

[corresponding infection-disease stages]

first signs and symptoms, pathogen may be highly communicable

Answer 15

prodromal stage

Question 16

can occur when microorganisms from one individual contaminate a vehicle of transmission, such as water, that is ingested by another person

Answer 16

indirect transmission

Question 17

a nonliving entity that is contaminated with the etiologic agent and such is the mode of transmission for that agent

Answer 17

vehicle

Question 18

laboratory-based characterization of etiologic agents designed to establish their relatedness to one another during a particular outbreak or epidemic

Answer 18

strain typing

Question 19

[host-microorganism intercations]

pathogen encounters & colonizes host surface

Answer 19

encounter and entry

Question 20

antibodies against a particular pathogen that have been produced in one host are transferred to a second host, where they provide temporary protection

Answer 20

passive immunization

Question 21

modified antigens from pathogenic microorganisms are introduced into the body and cause an immune response

Answer 21

active immunization

Question 22

infectious processes that develop quickly

Answer 22

acute infections

Question 23

infection for which the etiologic agents was acquired in a hospital or long-term health care center facility

Answer 23

nosocomial infection

Question 24

[corresponding infection-disease stages]

full recovery of surviving host or chronic infection develops, or death

Answer 24

convalescent stage

Question 25

- not only do they survive but also thrive and multiply - their presence is more persistent

Answer 25

resident microbiota

Question 26

[corresponding infection-disease stages] condition of host deteriorates possibly to death or signs and symptoms begin to subside as host condition improves

Answer 26

stage of decline

Question 27

produced and released by living bacteria; do not require bacterial death for release

Answer 27

exotoxin

Question 28

a disease constantly present at some rate of occurrence in a particular location

Answer 28

endemic

Question 29

the means by which etiologic agents are brought in contact with the human host

Answer 29

mode of transmission

Question 30

pathogens and the characteristics that enable them to cause disease are referred to as ____________

Answer 30

virulence factors

Question 31

[corresponding infection-disease stages] peak of characteristic signs and symptoms of infection or disease

Answer 31

clinical stage

Question 32

accomplished by disruption of the skin and mucosal surfaces by several mechanisms or by direct action of an organism's virulence factors

Answer 32

invasion

Question 33

organisms that cause infection when one or more of the host's defense mechanisms are disrupted or malfunctions

Answer 33

opportunistic pathogens

Question 34

the incidence in which a disease results in death

Answer 34

mortality rate

Question 35

microorganisms that inhabit many surfaces of the human body

Answer 35

- colonizers - normal flora - normal microbiota - human microbiome

Question 36

acquiring a microorganism from another human serving as the reservoir

Answer 36

direct transmission

Question 37

a microorganism responsible for causing infection or infectious disease

Answer 37

etiologic agent

Question 38

two (2) basic approaches to immunization

Answer 38

- active immunization - passive immunization

Question 39

general toxin common to almost all gram-negative bacteria

Answer 39

endotoxin

Question 40

[host-microorganism intercations] pathogen completes cycle: - leaves host - destroys host - remains in latent state - destroyed by host

Answer 40

outcome

Question 41

organism's ability to cause disease

Answer 41

pathogenicity

Question 42

a living entity that transmits the etiologic agent

Answer 42

vector

Question 43

the origin of the etiologic agent or location from which it disseminates

Answer 43

reservoir

Question 44

a person who harbors the etiologic agent but shows no apparent signs/symptoms of infection/disease

Answer 44

carrier

Question 45

[host-microorganism intercations] pathogen multiplies and breaches host defenses

Answer 45

colonization and entry

Question 46

[host-microorganism intercations] pathogen invades deeper tissues and disseminates, encounters inflammatory and immune response

Answer 46

invasion and disseminate

Question 47

a single source/reservoir from which an etiologic agent responsible for an epidemic/outbreak originates

Answer 47

common source

Question 48

viruses that can be clinically silent inside the body without any noticeable effect on the host before suddenly causing a severe and acute infection

Answer 48

latent

Question 49

the state of disease and its associated effects on the host

Answer 49

morbidity

Question 50

an individual's microbiologic environment, present in/on the human host

Answer 50

microbiome

Question 51

[what are these?] - level of virulence - number of organisms introduced into host - body sites pathogen targets for invasion

Answer 51

microbial factors

Question 52

released when a gram-negative bacterial cell is destroyed

Answer 52

endotoxin

Question 53

[SURVIVAL AGAINST INFLAMMATION] avoid phagocytosis by producing a large _________ that inhibits the phagocytic process

Answer 53

capsule

Question 54

percentage of diseased persons in a given population at a particular time

Answer 54

disease prevalence

Question 55

infections that develop and progress slowly, sometimes over a period of years

Answer 55

chronic infections

Question 56

a larger than normal number of diseased/infected individuals that occurs over a relatively short period

Answer 56

outbreak

Question 57

[what are these?] - general state of health - integrity of surface defenses - capacity for inflammatory & immune response - level of immunity - impact of medical intervention

Answer 57

host factors

Question 58

a larger-than-normal number of diseased or infected individuals in a particular location

Answer 58

epidemic

Question 59

composed of the lipopolysaccharide portion of the cell envelope

Answer 59

endotoxin

Question 60

death resulting from disease

Answer 60

mortality