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BACTE > SPECIMEN COLLECTION & PROCESSING > Flashcards

SPECIMEN COLLECTION & PROCESSING Flashcards

1
Q

[sputum]

specimens needed for Mycobacterium

A

3 separate early morning specimens

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2
Q

These media usually contain substances that do not promote multiplication of microorganisms but ensure their preservation and are available in swab collection systems

A

holding / transport media

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3
Q

____________ to provide the larger iodine element to replace the smaller chloride in the stain molecule

A

gram’s iodine

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4
Q

specimens needed for bacterial infection

A

3 specimens in 3 consecutive days

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5
Q

[anticoagulants]

should not be used for microbiology specimens

A
  • citrate
  • ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)
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6
Q

[stains]

________________ are directed toward coloring specific components of the elements present

A

differential stains

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7
Q

bacteria with thinner walls containing lipopolysaccharides do not retain the dye complex

A

Gram-negative bacteria

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8
Q

[Acid-Fast Staining of Mycobacteria]

results:

Mycobacteria stain bright orange

A

fluorescent stain

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9
Q

[wounds/lesions after collection]

should be placed into a _________ or
____________

A

sterile tube or transport vial

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10
Q

[isolation techniques]

  1. The specimen is applied by _________ or placing a ___________ onto a small area at the edge of the plate
  2. The ____________ is sterilized and allowed to cool thoroughly before streaking the agar
  3. The __________________ is useful for most specimen
  4. The relative number of organisms can be estimated based on the extent of ________ beyond the original area of inoculum
  5. Growth in the first quadrant can be graded as _____________; growth in the second or third quadrant can be graded as ______________; and growth in the third or fourth quadrant can be graded as ______________
A
  1. rolling the swab, drop of liquid specimen
  2. inoculating loop
  3. general-purpose isolation streak
  4. growth
  5. 1+ or light growth; 2+ to 3+ or moderate growth; 4+ or heavy growth
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11
Q

Specimens for parasite microscopic studies should be collected ____________________

A

before any barium studies are done

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12
Q

This system contains selective agar and a carbon dioxide (CO2)-generating tablet

A

JEMBEC system

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13
Q

[anticoagulants]

The concentration must not exceed _______ (wt/vol) because some Neisseria spp. and certain anaerobes are inhibited by higher concentrations

A

0.025%

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14
Q

[matching type|Gram-positive cocci]

Streptococcus, Peptostreptococcus spp.

a. pairs
b. tetrads
c. clusters
d. chains
e. encapsulated
f. gram-positive diplococci (lancet-shaped)
g. gram-negative diplococci pathogenic

A

d. chains

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15
Q

[smears from thick, granular, or mucoid materials]

Granules within the material must be _________ so that their makeup can be assessed

A

crushed

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16
Q

[Rapid Modified wright-Giemsa Stain]

The Wright-Giemsa stain is available in a modification that requires only _______ minutes

A

1-3 minutes

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17
Q

[matching type|Gram-positive cocci]

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes (rarely), Stomatococcus mucilaginosus

a. pairs
b. tetrads
c. clusters
d. chains
e. encapsulated
f. gram-positive diplococci (lancet-shaped)
g. gram-negative diplococci pathogenic

A

e. encapsulated

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18
Q

separates double-stranded DNA

A

denaturation

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19
Q

[anticoagulants]

most common anticoagulant used for microbiology specimens

A

sodium polyanethol sulfonate (SPS)

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20
Q

anneals primers to target DNA

A

primer annealing

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21
Q

the exact anatomic site must be provided for?

A

wounds/lesions

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22
Q

specimens commonly obtained by the patient

A
  • urine
  • sputum
  • stool
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23
Q

[preservatives]

used in commercial products to maintain accurate urine colony counts

A

boric acid

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24
Q

Plates are inoculated using a ___________ to deliver a specified volume

A

calibrated loop

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25
Q

commonly used transport medium

A

Stuarts’s or Amie’s transport medium

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26
Q

[stains]

____________ are directed toward coloring the forms and shapes present

A

simple stains

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27
Q

[true or false]

Specimens received on swabs can be inoculated directly to culture media

A

true

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28
Q

When ethidium bromide is irradiated with UV light, it fluoresces _____________

A

bright orange

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29
Q

[stains]

_______________ are directed specifically at identification of an organism

A

DNA probe-mediated stains

(diagnostic antibody)

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30
Q

[search for microorganisms]

Organisms should be evaluated for _____, _____, and _____________

A

shape, size, gram reaction

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31
Q

[These specimens should be stored in what temperature?]

  • abscess, lesion, wound
  • body fluids
  • CSF (bacteria)
  • ear (inner)
  • feces (preserved)
  • genital
  • nasal, throat, N/P
  • urine (preserved)
A

Room temperature

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32
Q

[incubation]

_______ grow in ambient air, whereas _________ cannot grow in the presence of oxygen and require an anaerobic atmosphere

A

aerobes, anaerobes

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33
Q

[incubation]

Most bacteria cultures are incubated at _____ to ______

A

35° C, 37° C

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34
Q

used to prevent clotting of specimens, including blood, bone marrow, and synovial fluid

A

anticoagulants

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35
Q

specimens needed for parasitic infection

A

3 samples within 10 days

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36
Q

[catheter]

allow _______ to pass then collect the remainder urine

A

15 mL

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37
Q

[smears from thick, granular, or mucoid materials]

Granules that are too hard to crush between two glass slides probably _____________

A

do not represent infectious materials

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38
Q

[wounds/lesions]

collected by ____________ rather than by ________

A

needle aspiration, swab

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39
Q

The two single-stranded nucleic acid molecules used in hybridization techniques are referred to as _______ and _______

A

target, probe

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40
Q

[blood culture]

mL to collect for adults

A

20ml

(10mL aerobic & 10 mL anaerobic)

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41
Q

[blood culture]

mL to collect for children

A

10mL

(5mL aerobic & 5mL anaerobic)

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42
Q

smears from swabs are prepared by __________________ over contagious areas of the glass slide to deposit a thin layer of sample material

A

rolling the swab back and forth

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43
Q

[smears from thick, granular, or mucoid materials]

It is most desirable to have both _____ and _____ areas

A

thick, thin

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44
Q

[urine]

three methods in collecting urine

A
  • clean catch midstream
  • catheter
  • suprapubic aspirate
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45
Q

not ideal method for urine collection

A

catheter

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46
Q

appropriate for specimens from the upper respiratory tract, external ear, eye, and genital tract

A

swabs

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47
Q

[stains]

four (4) stains

A
  • gram
  • acid-fast
  • calcofluor white
  • rapid modified Wright-Giemsa
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48
Q

[search for microorganisms]

A _____ or _____ lens is preferred for scanning, and a _______ lens is used for final evaluation

A

x40 or x60, x100

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49
Q

best specimen method for urine culture

A

clean catch midstream

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50
Q

[anticoagulants]

often used for viral cultures and for isolation of Mycobacterium spp. from blood

A

heparin

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51
Q

[matching type|Gram-positive cocci]

Neisseria spp., Moraxella catarrhalis

a. pairs
b. tetrads
c. clusters
d. chains
e. encapsulated
f. gram-positive diplococci (lancet-shaped)
g. gram-negative diplococci pathogenic

A

g. gram-negative diplococci

52
Q

[matching type|Gram-positive cocci]

Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus spp.

a. pairs
b. tetrads
c. clusters
d. chains
e. encapsulated
f. gram-positive diplococci (lancet-shaped)
g. gram-negative diplococci pathogenic

A

a. pairs

53
Q

not recommended for collection

A

swabs

54
Q

gram stain was developed empirically by the Danish bacteriologist _____________ in ______

A

Christian Gram, 1884

55
Q

[sputum]

collection methods for sputum

A

expectorated or induced

56
Q

Tissues can be prepared for culture by ____________, in which the tissue is ground in a tissue grinder

A

homogenization

57
Q

[incubation]

Some bacteria are capnophiles and require an increased concentration of CO2; this can be achieved by a ________, a __________, ____, or ______

A

candle jar, CO2 incubator, jar, bag

58
Q

[smears from thin fluids]

The cytocentrifugation process deposits __________ and ____________ from the specimen onto the surface of a glass slide as a monolayer

A

cellular elements, microorganisms

59
Q

a technique used to separate biological macromolecules, such as nucleic acids and proteins

A

electrophoresis

60
Q

Urine specimens are inoculated using a __________________

A

quantitative isolation

61
Q

[matching type|Gram-positive cocci]

Staphylococcus, Peptostreptococcus, Stomatococcus spp.

a. pairs
b. tetrads
c. clusters
d. chains
e. encapsulated
f. gram-positive diplococci (lancet-shaped)
g. gram-negative diplococci pathogenic

A

c. clusters

62
Q

inoculated plates must be incubated anaerobically at ______ to _______

A

35°C to 37° C

63
Q

[stains]

Stains can be categorized as _______, ________, __________

A

simple stains, differential stains, probe-mediated stains

64
Q

Bacteria with thick cell walls containing teichoic acid retain the crystal violet–iodine complex dye after decolorization and appear deep blue

A

Gram-positive bacteria

65
Q

[urethra]

Flexible swab inserted ______ for ________

A

2-4cm, 2-3 secs

66
Q

[nasal]

insert premoistened swab ______ into nares

A

1 inch

67
Q

[matching type|Gram-positive cocci]

Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, Peptostreptococcus spp.

a. pairs
b. tetrads
c. clusters
d. chains
e. encapsulated
f. gram-positive diplococci (lancet-shaped)
g. gram-negative diplococci pathogenic

A

b. tetrads

68
Q

[Acid-fast Staining of Mycobacteria]

The primary stain binds to ____________ in the cell walls of the mycobacteria and is retained after the decolorizing step with __________

A

mycolic acid, acid alcohol

69
Q

_____________ damages these thin lipid walls and allows the stain complex to wash out

A

decolorizer (alcohol-acetone)

70
Q

most sterile method in urine collection

A

suprapubic aspirate

71
Q

[levels of specimen prioritization]

level 3

A
  • catheter tip
  • urine
  • tissue for quantitation
72
Q

[Acid-Fast Staining of Mycobacteria]

different types of stains

A
  • Fluorescent stain
  • Kinyoun stain
  • Modified Kinyoun stain (Partial Acid-Fast)
  • Ziehl-Neelsen stain
73
Q

[smears from thin fluids]

__________________ is preferred for this type of specimen, if available

A

cytocentrifugation

74
Q

[body fluids]

mL to collect for CSF viral studies

A

> 1mL

75
Q

The tips of swabs may contain ______, _________, or __________

A

cotton, Dacron or calcium alginate

76
Q

[levels of specimen prioritization]

level 1

A
  • amniotic fluid
  • blood
  • brain
  • cerebrospinal fluid
  • heart valves
  • pericardial fluid
77
Q

[body fluids]

mL to collect

A

> 1mL

78
Q

[blood culture]

used to isolate anaerobic blood culture

A

anaerobic blood culture

79
Q

[smears from thin fluids]

“Thin” specimens of fluids such as urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and transudates should be _________ but not ________ on the slide

A

drop, spread

80
Q

synthesizes new strands of DNA

A

primer extension

81
Q

__________ tend to have excessive fatty acids, which may be toxic to certain bacteria

A

cotton-tipped swabs

82
Q

a compound made from seaweed

A

agarose

83
Q

[eye: conjunctiva]

collect using ___________ moistened with ___________ on both eyes

A

separate swabs, sterile saline

84
Q

[Acid-Fast Staining of Mycobacteria]

results:

Mycobacteria stain red, whereas the background material and non–acid-fast bacteria stain blue

A

Kinyoun & Ziehl-Neelsen stains

85
Q

[Rapid Modified Wright-Giemsa Stain]

results:

  • Blood cells stain as with Wright stain.
  • The cytoplasm is __________.
  • The chromatin of white cells is ________.
  • Bacteria are _______.
  • Parasitic protozoan nuclei are _______.
A
  • basophilic
  • purple
  • blue
  • red
86
Q

four (4) levels of specimen prioritization

A
  1. critical / invasive
  2. unpreserved
  3. quantitation required
  4. preserved
87
Q

[Nucleic Acid Hybridization Techniques]

_________________ is also called duplex formation

A

hybridization process

88
Q

____________ to color all cells and background material a deep blue

A

crystal violet (hexamethyl-p-rosaline chloride)

89
Q

sterile containers except for stool specimens, which can be collected in ______, _________ containers

A

clean, leakproof

90
Q

[levels of specimen prioritization]

level 4

A
  • feces in preservative
  • urine in preservative
  • swabs in holding medium (aerobic & anaerobic)
91
Q

[incubation]

______________ grow with reduced oxygen and increased CO2 and can be isolated using jars or bags

A

microaerophiles

92
Q

[other stains]

It binds to the nucleic acid of the cell and fluoresces as a bright orange when a fluorescent microscope is used

A

acridine orange

93
Q

[other stains]

a fluorochrome dye that stains both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, living or dead

A

acridine orange

94
Q

[matching type|Gram-positive cocci]

Streptococcus pneumoniae

a. pairs
b. tetrads
c. clusters
d. chains
e. encapsulated
f. gram-positive diplococci (lancet-shaped)
g. gram-negative diplococci pathogenic

A

f. gram-positive diplococci

95
Q

[The routine primary plating media include the following items]

  1. __________ agar plate
  2. _______ medium for fastidious organisms for normally sterile body fluids or a site in which fastidious organisms are expected
  3. ________ and ________ medium for enteric gram-negative bacilli for most routine bacterial cultures
  4. _________ medium for gram-positive organisms for specimens in which mixed gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria are found
  5. Additional _________ or ___________ for specific pathogens as needed
  6. ___________ may be used as a supplement with specimens from sterile body fluids, tissues, lesions, wounds, and abscesses
A
  1. nonselective
  2. enriched medium
  3. selective, differential
  4. selective
  5. selective media, enrichment broth
  6. broth medium
96
Q

aspirate fluid with ________ if eardrum is intact

A

needle

97
Q

[blood culture]

used to isolate aerobic bacteria

A

aerobic blood culture

98
Q

The most common nucleic acid stain used after separation by agarose gel electrophoresis is ________________

A

ethidium bromide

99
Q

__________________ is used to separate RNA and DNA

A

agarose gel electrophoresis

100
Q

[true or false]

stool specimens can be refrigerated

A

true

101
Q

[body fluids]

mL to collect for CSF fungal studies

A

> 2mL

102
Q

[body fluids]

mL to collect for CSF bacterial culture

A

> 1mL

103
Q

[other stains]

appear green within pink-appearing or red-appearing bacterial cells

A

endospore stain: Schaeffer-Fulton

104
Q

[smears from swabs]

smears should not be prepared from a _____ after it has been used to inoculate culture media

A

swab

105
Q

Stools for Clostridium difficile toxin assay should be collected ______________ and can be refrigerated; if the delay is expected to be longer than 48 hours, the specimen should be frozen at _______

A

without a preservative, -70 degrees C

106
Q

appears as a white chalky substance in the specimen and masks the appearance of parasites under the microscope

A

barium

107
Q

[other stains]

used to locate bacteria in blood cultures and other specimens where discerning bacteria might otherwise be difficult

A

acridine orange

108
Q

[other stains]

DNA stain

A

acridine orange

109
Q

two (2) types of blood culture

A
  • aerobic
  • anaerobic
110
Q

[Rapid Modified wright-Giemsa Stain]

This neutral dye is a combination of basic ___________ and ________that attach to oppositely charged sites on proteins. The results are ____________

A

thiazine dye, eosin, metachromatic

111
Q

use _______ if eardrum is ruptured

A

swab

112
Q

[smears from thick liquids / semisolids]

The swab is _________ in the specimen for several seconds and used to prepare a thin spread of material on the glass slide for staining and viewing.

A

immersed

113
Q

[specimen preparation]

  1. Specimens such as sterile body fluids, pus, urine, and sputum are ____________ onto selected media
  2. Large volumes of sterile body fluids are __________ to increase the recovery of bacteria.
  3. If the volume of fluid is greater than 1 mL, the specimen can be centrifuged for ________ at ________
  4. If the specimen consistency is thin enough to avoid filter clogging, filtration with a _____________ can be performed
  5. After filtration, the filter is removed and placed on the surface of an ________
A
  1. inoculated directly
  2. concentrated
  3. 20 min, 3000 x g
  4. Nalgene filter unit
  5. agar plate
114
Q

[incubation]

Most routine bacterial cultures are held for ___ to _______

A

48 to 71 hours

115
Q

specimens that need to be refrigerate

A
  • catheter tips (IV)
  • CSF (viruses)
  • ear (outer)
  • feces (unpreserved)
  • sputum
  • urine (unpreserved)
116
Q

used to isolate bacteria from blood

A

blood culture

117
Q

If cerebrospinal fluid is not processed immediately, it can be stored in a _______ incubator for ________

A

35 degrees C, 6 hours

118
Q

[blood culture]

disinfect using?

A
  • alcohol
  • iodine
119
Q

[body fluids]

mL to collect for CSF AFB

A

> 2mL

120
Q

All unstained elements are subsequently counterstained red by ____________

A

safranin dye

121
Q

The specimen should be submitted on two swabs; one is used for the ___________, and the other is used to make the __________

A

culture media, direct smear

122
Q

[inner ear]

remove debris or crust with __________

A

saline moist swab

123
Q

[incubation]

Cultures for anaerobes and broth cultures may be held for ___ to ______

A

5 to 7 days

124
Q

[preservatives]

if the specimen is delayed longer than 2 hours, the specimen can be added to ______________

A

Cary-Blair transport media

125
Q

[levels of specimen prioritization]

level 2

A
  • body fluids
  • bone
  • drainage from wounds
  • feces
  • sputum
  • tissue

BACTE (6 decks)

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