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Medical > The Lymphatic System🛡️ > Flashcards

The Lymphatic System🛡️ Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

nutrients, wastes, and gases are exchanged between the blood and the ____________

A

Interstitial fluid

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2
Q

lymph ——-> (lymph = clear water).

A

The interstitial fluid once it enters the lymphatic vessels

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3
Q

lymphatic vessels, or lymphatics are ..

A

Network of drainage vessels that collect the protein-containing interstitial fluid and returns it back to the bloodstream.

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4
Q

The fluid that remains behind in the tissue spaces, as much as 3 L daily and the other plasma protein after the action of the hydrostatic colloid osmotic pressure on the capillary beds, becomes part of the ..

A

Interstitial fluid.

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5
Q

The lymphatic vessels form a one-way system in which lymph flows only toward ..

A

The heart.

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6
Q

The transport of lymph begins in

A

Microscopic Blind-ended lymphatic capillaries

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7
Q

lymphatic capillaries are found ..

A

Weaving between tissue cells and blood capillaries in the loose connective tissue.

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8
Q

Lymphatic capillaries are widespread, but they are absent from ..

A

Bones, teeth, bone marrow, and the entire central nervous system ( EXCESS TISSUE FLUID DRAINS INTO CSF )

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9
Q

lymphatic capillaries are so remarkably not permeable

T/F

A

False, very permeable

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10
Q

lymphatic capillaries owe their permeability to two unique structural modifications:

A
  • easily opened, flap like mini-valves, which are formed by the loosely overlapping between the edges of the adjacent cells of endothelium
  • collagen filaments that anchors those capillaries to the surroundings so the higher volume of interstitial fluid would not collapse the capillary
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11
Q

When fluid pressure in the interstitial space is greater than the pressure in the lymphatic capillary ..

A

The mini-valve flaps will open which permits the enter of the interstitial fluid

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12
Q

when the pressure is greater inside the lymphatic capillary than the outside environment ..

A

The mini-valve flaps will shut

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13
Q

Proteins in the interstitial space are unable to enter blood capillaries, but they enter lymphatic capillaries easily

T/F

A

True

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14
Q

when tissues become inflamed, lymphatic capillaries develop openings that permit uptake of even larger particles such as cell debris, pathogens, and cancer cells. Why ?

A

So the pathogen can travel through the lymphatic pathway to be introduced to the lymph nodes so they get to be cleansed and examined by the immune cells.

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15
Q

lacteals are ..

A

A special set of lymphatic capillaries that transport a fatty lymph ( absorbed by small intestines ) from the intestinal mucosa of the SI to the bloodstream.

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16
Q

chyle (“juice”) is ..

A

A fatty whitish milky lymph that is drained from the finger like villi of intestinal mucosa

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17
Q

From the lymphatic capillaries, lymph flows through successively larger and thicker-walled channels.

Give me the order

A

Lymphatic capillaries ——-> lymphatic collecting vessels ——-> lymphatic trunks ———> lymphatic ducts

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18
Q

The characteristics of The collecting lymphatic vessels ..

A

📌 Have the same three tunics as the blood veins
📌 But they are thinner
📌 have more internal valves
📌 they anastmose more

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19
Q

lymphatic trunks are ..

A

Units of collecting lymphatic vessels, which drain the lymph from larger areas of the body.

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20
Q

Examples of lymphatic trunks ..

A

🧷 the jugular trunk
🔗 the subclavian trunk
🧷 the bronchomediastinal trunk
🧷 lumbar trunk
🔗 intestinal trunk

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21
Q

Lymph is eventually delivered to one of two large ducts in the

A

Thoracic region

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22
Q

Lymph is eventually delivered to one of two large ducts in the thoracic region ..

A

🦠 Right lymphatic duct
🦠 thoracic duct

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23
Q

The right lymphatic duct ..

A

Drain the lymph from upper right limb and the right side of the head and the thorax

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24
Q

thoracic duct is smaller than than the right lymphatic duct.

T/F

A

False, in contrast, it is much larger.

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25
Q

The thoracic duct ..

A

Collects the lymph from the rest of the body, it collects lymph from ..

the pair of lumbar trunks ( drains from the lower limbs )

the intestinal trunk ( drains from the digestive organs )

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26
Q

As the thoracic duct runs superiorly, it receives lymphatic drainage from ..

A

The upper left limbs, left side of the head, left of the thorax.

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27
Q

cisterna chyli is ..

A

Enlarged sac that is located between the last thoracic and the 2nd lumbar vertebrae.

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28
Q

Each terminal duct empties its lymph into the venous circulation at ..

A

the junction of the internal jugular vein and subclavian vein

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29
Q

lymph transport is sporadic and slow, how can it move through the lymphatic pathway ?

A

🩻 milking by the active muscles

🩻 pressure difference in thorax during breathing

🩻 smooth muscles of all lymphatic vessels but the smallest can contract

🩻 nearly pulsations of the arteries

🩻 valves prevent the backflow of the lymphatic fluid

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30
Q

the main warriors of the immune system are ..

A

Lymphocytes

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31
Q

There are two main varieties of lymphocytes ..

A
  • T cells ( T lymphocytes )
  • B cells ( B lymphocytes )
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32
Q

Antigens

A

Anything that influences the immune system.

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33
Q

Activated T cells function ..

A

Manage the immune response, and some of them attack directly

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34
Q

B cells protect the body by ..

A

Producing plasma cells that produce antibodies to attack the harmful substances by marking their antigens.

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35
Q

Macrophages play a crucial role in body protection and the immune response by ..

A
  • phagocytizing the foreign substances
  • helping to activate T cells
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36
Q

spiny-looking dendritic cells function ..

A

capture antigens and bring them back to the lymph nodes.

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37
Q

the reticular cells ..

A

fibroblast-like cells that produce the reticular fiber stroma, which is the network that supports the other cells in lymphoid organs

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38
Q

Lymphoid tissue is an important component of the immune system, mainly because it:

A

● Houses and provides a proliferation site for lymphocytes

● Furnishes an ideal surveillance vantage point for lymphocytes and macrophages

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39
Q

Lymphoid tissue, largely composed of ..

A

loose connective tissue called reticular connective tissue, dominates all the lymphoid organs except the thymus

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40
Q

Macrophages live on ..

A

the fibers of the reticular connective tissue network.

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41
Q

Lymphoid tissue comes in various “packages”:

A
  • Diffuse lymphoid tissue
  • Lymphoid follicles (lymphoid nodules)
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42
Q

Diffuse lymphoid tissue ..

A

a loose arrangement of lymphoid cells and some reticular fibers is found in every body organ, Larger collections appear in the lamina propria of mucous membranes such as those lining the digestive tract.

43
Q

Lymphoid follicles (lymphoid nodules) are ..

A

are solid, spherical bodies consisting of tightly packed lymphoid cells and reticular fibers.

44
Q

germinal centers are ..

A

Follicles where proliferating B cells predominate.

45
Q

These centers enlarge dramatically when ..

A

the B cells are dividing rapidly and producing plasma cells.

46
Q

many cases, the follicles form part of larger lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes.

T/F

A

True

47
Q

isolated aggregations of lymphoid follicles occur in the intestinal wall as ..

A

Payer’s patches

48
Q

The primary lymphoid organs are ..

A

Red bone marrow
Thymus

49
Q

both B and T cells originate in ..

A

The red bone marrow

50
Q

B cells mature in ..

A

The red bone marrow

51
Q

T cells mature in ..

A

The thymus

52
Q

The secondary lymphoid organs are ..

A

🦠 lymphatic nodes
🦠 spleen
🦠 (MALT) Peyer’s patchs
🦠 (MALT) tonsils
🦠 (MALT) appendix
🦠 lymphatic diffuse tissue

*MALT = mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

53
Q

The secondary lymphoid organs function ..

A

There is where the matured lymphocytes encounter the antigens to be activated.

54
Q

only the ___________ filter lymph.

A

Lymph nodes

55
Q

other secondary lymphoid regarding the afferent and efferent pathways ..

A

They have an efferent pathway but not an afferent.

56
Q

The most important of the secondary lymphoid organs in the body are the ..

A

Lymph nodes

57
Q

Large clusters of lymph nodes occur near the body surface in the ..

A

Inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions, place where the collecting vessels forms the large trunks

58
Q

Lymph nodes have two basic protective functions:

A

Cleansing the lymph:
by its filteration process and the destruction of foreign substances by the phagocytes.

Activation of immune cells:
Nodes and other lymphoid organs provide a strategic locations for the encounter of immune cells with the antigens that to be attacked.

59
Q

capsule of nodes ..

A

A fibrous dense structure that surrounds the nodes

60
Q

trabeculae of the nodes ..

A

Extensions of connective tissue strands that extend from the capsule to divide the node into compartments.

61
Q

A lymph node has two histologically distinct regions ..

A

Medulla
Cortex

62
Q

The superficial part of the cortex contains ..

A

densely packed follicles, many with germinal centers heavy with dividing B cells.

63
Q

The deeper part of the cortex houses ..

A

T cells in transit.

64
Q

the cortex is abundant with ..

A

Dendritic cells and it is intimately associated with both B and T cells.

65
Q

The dendritic cells in the cortex are critical for ?

A

preparing B and T cells to become effective defensive cells.

66
Q

Medullary cords are ..

A

thin inward extensions from the cortical lymphoid tissue, and contain both types of lymphocytes.

67
Q

Throughout the node are lymph sinuses which are ..

A
  • The subcapsular sinus
  • the medullary sinus
68
Q

the subcapsular and medullary sinuses are ..

A

Lymphatic capillaries that spanned by crisscrossing reticular fibers which provide a residency for the macrophags.

69
Q

Lymph enters the afferent vessels of the lymphatic nodes through which side ?

A

Convex side

70
Q

subcapsular sinus is ..

A

Large bag-like sinus

71
Q

Explain the lymphatic pathway through the lymphatic node by order.

A

Enters through the afferent vessels ——-> then subcapsular sinus —-> then medullary sinus ——> and then the hilum ——> to efferent vessels at the concave side

72
Q

There are fewer efferent vessels draining the node than afferent vessels feeding it. WHY ?

A

allowing time for the lymphocytes and macrophages to carry out their protective functions.

73
Q

spleen ?

A

Soft, blood-rich, fist-size, and the largest lymphoid organ,

which is located at the left side of the abdominal cavity, beneath the diaphragm, and curls around anteriorly to the stomach.

74
Q

Spleen is served by some vessels ..

A
  • Large splenic artery and vein
  • which enter and exit the concave side
75
Q

Spleen functions:

A

🧷 provides a site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response.

🔗 extracting aged and defective blood cells and platelets from the blood.

🧷 its macrophages remove debris and foreign matter.

🔗 Recycles the breakdown products of red blood cells for later reuse.

🧷 releases the breakdown products to the blood for processing by the liver

🔗 stores some of the iron salvaged from hemoglobin.

🧷 Stores blood platelets and monocytes for release into the blood when needed.

🔗 May be a site of erythrocyte production in the fetus.

76
Q

Like lymph nodes, the spleen is surrounded by ..

A

fibrous capsule and has trabeculae that extend inward.

77
Q

spleen consists of two components:

A

white pulp and red pulp.

78
Q

White pulp ..

A
  • where immune functions take place ..
    - composed mostly of lymphocytes suspended on reticular fibers ..
    - The white pulp clusters or forms “cuffs” around central arteries (small branches of the splenic artery)..
79
Q

Red pulp ..

A
  • is where worn-out red blood cells and bloodborne pathogens are destroyed ..
    - it contains huge numbers of erythrocytes and the macrophages that engulf them.
    - It is essentially all splenic tissue that is not white pulp. It consists of splenic cords, regions of reticular connective tissue, that separate the blood-filled splenic sinusoids (venous sinuses).
80
Q

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) are ..

A

set of distributed lymphoid tissues strategically located in mucous membranes throughout the body

81
Q

MALT function ..

A

MALT helps protect us

82
Q

the largest collections of MALT ..

A

📌 the tonsils.
📌 Peyer’s patches.
📌 appendix.
📌 mucosa of the respiratory and genitourinary organs.
📌 the rest of the digestive tract.

83
Q

The tonsils ..

A

form a ring of lymphoid tissue around the entrance to the pharynx (throat).

84
Q

The tonsils are named according to size.

T/F

A

False. location.

85
Q

Types of tonsils ..

A

🛡️ The paired palatine tonsils
🛡️ The lingual tonsil
🛡️ The pharyngeal tonsil
🛡️ The tiny tubal tonsils

86
Q

The paired palatine tonsils.

A

located on either side at the posterior end of the oral cavity. These are the largest tonsils and the ones most often infected.

87
Q

The lingual tonsil.

A

is the collective term for a lumpy collection of lymphoid follicles at the base of the tongue.

88
Q

The pharyngeal tonsil.

A

(referred to as the adenoids if enlarged) is in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx.

89
Q

The tiny tubal tonsils.

A

surround the openings of the auditory tubes into the pharynx.

90
Q

tonsillar crypts ..

A

blind-ended structure formed by epithelium overlying the tonsils invaginates deep into their interior.

Because The tonsils are not fully encapsulated.

91
Q

tonsillar crypts function ..

A

trap bacteria and particulate matter, and the bacteria work their way through the mucosal epithelium into the lymphoid tissue, where most are destroyed.

this strategy produces a wide variety of immune cells that have a “memory” for the trapped pathogens.

92
Q

Peyer’s patches or aggregated lymphoid nodules ..

A

large clusters of lymphoid follicles.

structurally similar to the tonsils.

They are located in the wall of the distal portion of the small intestine.

93
Q

The appendix ..

A

is a tubular offshoot of the first part of the large intestine

contains a high concentration of lymphoid follicles.

94
Q

The appendix is like peyer’s patches. How ?

A

the appendix is in an ideal position

95
Q

the appendix is in an ideal position ?
Mention the advantages

A
  • to prevent bacteria breaching the intestinal wall.
  • generate many “memory” lymphocytes for long-term immunity.
96
Q

The bilobed thymus location ..

A

It is found in the inferior neck and extends into the superior thorax, where it partially, overlies the heart deep to the sternum.

97
Q

What are T lymphocyte precursors doing in the thymus ?

A

T lymphocyte precursors mature to become able to defend us against specific pathogens.

98
Q

After puberty, the thymus starts gradually atrophies.
T/F

A

True

99
Q

thymic lobules ..

A

each containing an outer cortex and an inner medulla

100
Q

Most thymic cells are ..

A

Lymphocytes.

101
Q

In the cortical regions of thymus ..

A

rapidly dividing lymphocytes are densely packed, with a few macrophages scattered among them.

102
Q

medullary areas contain of the thymus ..

A

fewer lymphocytes plus some bizarre structures called thymic corpuscles. Consisting of concentric whorls of keratinized epithelial cells,

103
Q

thymic corpuscles are involved in ..

A

the development of regulatory T cells, a class of T lymphocytes that are important for preventing autoimmune responses.

104
Q

The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ differs from secondary lymphoid organs in three important ways:

A
  • The thymus has no follicles because it lacks B cells.
  • The thymus does not directly fight antigens.

*the thymus functions strictly as a maturation site for T lymphocyte precursors.

*These precursors must be kept isolated from foreign antigens to prevent their premature activation.

*there is a blood thymus barrier that keeps bloodborne antigens out of the thymus.

  • The stroma of the thymus consists of epithelial cells rather than reticular fibers. These epithelial cells provide the physi- cal and chemical environment in which T lymphocytes mature.

Medical (10 decks)

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