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Medical > CVS🫀ℹ️ > Flashcards

CVS🫀ℹ️ Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

The right side of the heart receives ..

A

oxygen-poor blood from body tissues

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2
Q

The right side of the heart pumps the blood to ?

A

to the lungs to pick up oxygen and dispel carbon dioxide.

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3
Q

The blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs form the

A

pulmonary circuit

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4
Q

The blood vessels that carry blood to and from all body tissues form the ..

A

systemic circuit.

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5
Q

The left side of the heart ..

A

receives the oxygenated blood returning from the lungs

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6
Q

The left side of the heart pumps the blood ..

A

throughout the body to supply oxygen and nutrients to body tissues.

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7
Q

The mass of the heart ..

A

heart has a mass of 250 to 350 grams

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8
Q

The heart is enclosed within the mediastinum. What is the mediastinum ?

A

the medial cavity of the thorax

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9
Q

the heart extends obliquely for ..

A

12 to 14 cm, from the second rib to the fifth intercostal space.

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10
Q

the heart is _______ to DIAPHRAGM.

A

Superior

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11
Q

the heart is _______ to vertebral column.

A

Anterior

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12
Q

the heart is _______ to STERNUM.

A

Posterior

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13
Q

How wide is the heart ?

A

is about 9 cm

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14
Q

apical impulse is ?

A

your beating heart’s apex

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15
Q

double-walled sac that encloses The heart _______

A

Pericardium

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16
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

The loosely fitting superficial part of this sac

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17
Q

tough, dense connective tissue layer of the Pericardium is ?

A

Fibrous pericardium

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18
Q

The function of the fibrous pericardium is ?

A

(1) protects the heart

(2) anchors it to surrounding structures

(3) prevents overfilling of the heart with blood

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19
Q

What is serous pericardium ?

A

thin, slippery, two-layer serous membrane that forms a closed sac around the heart ..

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20
Q

What are the two layers of the serous pericardium?

A
  • Parietal pericardium
  • visceral pericardium
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21
Q

parietal layer

A

lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium.

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22
Q

Provide a description of parietal layer of serous pericardium ..

A

superior margin of the heart, the parietal layer attaches to the large arteries exiting the heart,

and then turns inferiorly and continues over the external heart surface

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23
Q

Visceral layer of the serous pericardium ..

A

called the epicardium, which is an integral part of the heart wall.

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24
Q

Between the parietal and visceral layers is ?

A

pericardial cavity, which contains a film of serous fluid

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25
Q

The serous membranes, lubricated by the fluid, have the ability to ..

A

glide smoothly past one another, allowing the mobile heart to work in a relatively friction-free environment.

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26
Q

The heart wall, richly supplied with blood vessels, is composed of three layers ..

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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27
Q

Epicardium

A

is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium infiltrated with fat.

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28
Q

Myocardium

A

Is the middle layer, composed of cardiac muscles, and preform the contractions.

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29
Q

cardiac skeleton

A

The network of collagen and elastic fibers that are thicker in some spots than others providing the reinforcement to the myocardium by attaching its fibers together.

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30
Q

Endocardium

A

Located on the inner surface of the myocardium, covers the heart’s chambers and the skeleton of the valves, with its remarkable continuity with the endothelial tissue of the vessels that enters and exits the heart ..

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31
Q

What will happen if there is no cardiac skeleton ?

A

The valves and vessels will stretch because of the continuous flow of blood

The electrical impulses will spread to other specific pathways ( due to its ability of not being excited electrically )

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32
Q

interventricular septum

A

Separates the ventricles

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33
Q

interatrial septum

A

Separates the atria

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34
Q

What forms forms the heart apex ?

A

The left ventricle

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35
Q

coronary sulcus

A

Also called atrioventricular groove, encircles the junction between the atria and the ventricles like a crown

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36
Q

Anterior Interventricular sulcus

A

Cradling the Anterior interventricular artery and marks the Anterior of the septum between the left and right ventricles.

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37
Q

Posterior interventricular sculcus

A

Continuing the anterior interventricular sulcus and provides the landmark of the Posteroinferior of the heart.

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38
Q

The function of the auricles

A

Increase the volume of the atria

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39
Q

Description of the right atrium

A

Posterior part formed of smooth wall

Anterior part formed of pectinate muscles which are bundles the form some ridges on the anterior wall

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40
Q

The posterior and anterior regions of the right atrium are separated by a ..

A

C-Shaped ridge called the crista terminalis

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41
Q

Description for the left atrium

A

Most of it composed of smooth walls, pectinate are only present in the auricle.

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42
Q

Blood enters the right atrium via three veins

A

Superior vena cava: from upper parts of the diaphragm

Posterior vena cava: from lower parts of the diaphragm

Coronary sinus: from the myocardium

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43
Q

Four ___________ enter the left atrium

A

pulmonary veins

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44
Q

The right ventricle pumps blood into the ______

A

Pulmonary trunk

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45
Q

The left ventricle ejects blood into the _________

A

Aorta, the largest artery in the body

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46
Q

trabeculae carneae

A

Muscular ridges marks the internal walls of the ventricles

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47
Q

papillary muscles

A

Play a role within the valve function, projects into the ventricular cavity

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48
Q

atrioventricular (AV) valves location and function:

A

Atrioventricular junctions, prevention of the backflow of blood after the ventricular contractions.

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49
Q

What are The two atrioventricular (AV) valves ?

A

Mitral valve: also called bicuspid valve, has 2 cuspids, located at the left

Tricuspid valve: located at the right, has 3 cuspids

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50
Q

chordae tendineae are ..

A

Collagen cords attach the cusps to the papillary muscles

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51
Q

Semilunar (SL) Valves are ..

A

aortic and pulmonary (semilunar, SL) valves.

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52
Q

The Function of the SL valves ?

A

guard the bases of the large arteries prevent backflow into the associated ventricles.

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53
Q

How the SL valves look like ? And how they function ?

A

Each SL valve shaped roughly like a crescent moon Like the AV valves, the SL valves open and close in response to differences in pressure

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54
Q

left side of the heart is the ________ circuit pump

A

Systemic

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55
Q

right side of the heart is the _________ circuit pump

A

pulmonary

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56
Q

veins carry relatively ..

A

oxygen-poor blood to the heart

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57
Q

arteries transport ..

A

oxygen-rich blood from the heart.

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58
Q

Pulmonary arteries transport ..

A

oxygen-poor blood from the right side of your heart to your lungs.

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59
Q

Pulmonary veins carry relatively ..

A

oxygen-rich
from the lungs to the left atria of the heart.

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60
Q

the two ventricles have very unequal workloads.

The pulmonary circuit, served by the right ventricle, is a ..

A

short, low-pressure circulation

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61
Q

the two ventricles have very unequal workloads.

the systemic circuit, associated with the left ventricle characterized by ..

A

takes a long pathway through the entire body

encounters about five times as much resistance to blood flow.

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62
Q

The walls of the left ventricle are three times thinner than those of the right ventricle.

T/F

A

False, thicker

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63
Q

How, then, does the heart get nourishment?

A

It does so through the coronary circulation

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64
Q

coronary circulation

A

the functional blood supply of the heart, and the shortest circulation in the body.

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65
Q

The left and right coronary arteries both arise from ..

A

the base of the aorta

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66
Q

The left and right coronary arteries both encircle the heart in the ..

A

coronary sulcus

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67
Q

left coronary artery runs toward the left side of the heart and then divides into two major branches:

A

anterior interventricular artery

circumflex artery

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68
Q

anterior interventricular artery (also known clinically as the left anterior descending artery) ..

A

follows the anterior interventricular sulcus and supplies blood to the interventricular septum

and anterior walls of both ventricles.

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69
Q

The circumflex artery ..

A

supplies the left atrium and the posterior walls of the left ventricle.

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70
Q

The right coronary artery courses to the right side of the heart, where it also gives rise to two branches:

A

right marginal artery

posterior interventricular artery

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71
Q

right marginal artery

A

serves the myocardium of the lateral right side of the heart.

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72
Q

posterior interventricular artery

A

runs to the heart apex and supplies the posterior ventricular walls.

Near the apex of the heart, this artery merges (anastomoses) with the anterior interventricular artery.

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73
Q

The cardial vessels and their main branches lie in the ..

A

epicardium

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74
Q

The cardial vessels deliver blood when the heart is relaxed.

T/F

A

True, They are fairly ineffective when the ventricles are contracting because they are compressed by the contracting myocardium

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75
Q

Cardial veins join to form an enlarged vessel called the ..

A

Coronary sinus

76
Q

The coronary sinus is obvious on the ..

( DIRECTIONS ).

A

posterior aspect of the heart

77
Q

The sinus has three large tributaries:

A

great cardiac vein

middle cardiac vein

small cardiac vein

78
Q

several anterior cardiac veins empty the blood to ..

A

directly into the right atrium anteriorly.

79
Q

coronary sinus, which empties the blood into ..

A

The right atrium

80
Q

heart sounds ..

A

two sounds during each heartbeat described as lub-dup, are associated with the heart valves closing

81
Q

lub-dup, pause, lub- dup, pause, the pause indicates ..

A

the period when the heart is relaxing.

82
Q

lub-dup, pause, lub- dup, pause, The first sound indicates ..

A

as the AV valves close.

83
Q

lub-dup, pause, lub- dup, pause, The second sound indicates ..

A

that SL valves snap shut at the beginning of ventricular relaxation (diastole)

84
Q

Aortic valve sounds heard in ..

A

2nd intercostal space at right sternal margin

85
Q

Pulmonary valve sounds heard in ..

A

2nd intercostal space at left sternal margin

86
Q

Mitral valve sounds heard .. ( Location ).

A

over heart apex (in 5th intercostal space) in line with middle of clavicle

87
Q

Tricuspid valve sounds typically heard in ..

A

right sternal margin of 5th intercostal space

88
Q

arterioles which feed into ..

A

the capillary beds of body organs

89
Q

Arteries carry blood away from the heart, so they are said to ..

A

“branch,” “diverge,”

90
Q

Veins, carry blood toward the heart and so are said to ..

A

“join,” “merge,”

91
Q

Exchanges between the blood and tissue cells occur primarily through the ..

A

Gossamer-thin capillary walls

92
Q

central blood-containing space called ..

A

Vessel lumen

93
Q

The innermost tunic is the ..

A

Tunica intima

94
Q

The tunica intima contains the

A

Endothelium, a layer of simple squamous epithelium ..

95
Q

What is the function of tunica intima ?

A

Providing a slick non-frictional layer for the blood flow

96
Q

In larger blood vessels the endothelium is supported by ..

A

Subendothelial layer, composed of basement membrane and loose connective tissue

97
Q

the tunica media, is arranged into ..

A

Smooth muscles, and sheets of elastin

98
Q

The activity of the smooth muscle is regulated by ..

A

Sympathetic vasomotor nerve fibers of the autonomic nervous system.

With some chemicals

99
Q

Depending on the body’s needs at any given moment, regulation of blood vessels causes either ..

A

Vasocontraction
Vasodilation

100
Q

tunica media is the bulkiest layer in arteries
T/F

A

True

101
Q

the other name of tunica externa ..

A

Tunica adventitia

102
Q

Tunica externa is composed of ..

A

Loosely woven collagen fibers

103
Q

The function of the loosely woven collagen fibers in tunica externa ..

A
  • Protection
  • attachment
  • support
104
Q

Tunica externa is infiltrated with ..

A

Lymphatic vessels, nerve fibers.
In larger veins, with a network of elastic fibers additionally ..

105
Q

In larger vessels, the tunica externa contains a system of tiny blood vessels called ..

A

Vasa vasorum

106
Q

In terms of relative size and function, arteries can be divided into three groups ..

A

Elastic
Muscular
Arteriole

107
Q

arteries near the heart— the aorta and its major branches are example of ..

A

Elastic arteries

108
Q

large lumens of the elastic arteries make them ..

A

Low-resistance pathways

109
Q

elastic arteries are sometimes called __________ and the reason is ..

A

Conducting arteries ,because it conducts the blood from those large elastic arteries to those medium sized arteries.

110
Q

_________ present in all three tunics, but the tunica media contains the most.

A

Elastin

111
Q

Elastic artery’s smooth muscle are relatively inactive during..

A

Vasoconstriction.

112
Q

Elastic arteries are pressure reservoirs, WHY ?

A

Because of their ability to expand and recoil to maintain the flow of the blood.

113
Q

without the pressure-smoothing effect of the elastic arteries, what would happen ?

A

Because of the continuous flow of the blood ( higher continuous pressure ) it would cause a damage in the vesular wall which may lead to An aneurysm.

114
Q

the other name of muscular arteries is _______ so they can ..

A

Distributing arteries, because they provide the mean from the elastic arteries to deliver the blood to a specific organ.

115
Q

most of the named arteries studied in the anatomy laboratory are ..

A

Muscular arteries

116
Q

___________ have the thickest tunica media of all vessels.

A

Muscular arteries

117
Q

The composition of tunica media in muscular arteries is ________ which lead it to ..

A

More smooth muscles than the elastic fibers, which make it more active in vasoconstriction but lower ability to stretch.

118
Q

The smallest of the arteries are ..

A

The arterioles

119
Q

Larger arterioles have _______ tunics.

A

All three

120
Q

tunica media of larger arterioles is composed of ..

A

Smooth muscle with a fewly scattered elastic fibers

121
Q

Smaller arterioles, which lead into the capillary beds, are

A

Little more than single layer of smooth muscle spiraling around the endothelial layer.

122
Q

Minute-to-minute blood flow into the capillary beds is determined by ..

A

The arteriolar diameter

123
Q

arteriolar diameter varies in response to changing ..

A

Neural, hormonal and chemical factors

124
Q

arterioles are called additionally __________ because of ..

A

Resistance vessels, the changeable the resistance is depending on their diameter.

125
Q

the smallest blood vessels are ..

A

The capillaries

126
Q

capillaries consist of ..

A

Just a layer of tunica intima.

*In some cases, one endothelial cell forms the entire circumference of the capillary wall

127
Q

pericytes are ..

A

Spider-shaped contractile stem cell

128
Q

The function of the pericytes ?

A

📌 formation of new vessels
📌 stabilization of capillary walls
📌 management of the permeability of blood vessels.

129
Q

Most tissues have a rich capillary supply, but there are exceptions.

WHAT ARE THOSE EXCEPTIONS ?

A

🧷 Tendons & ligaments

🔗 Cartilages & epithelia ( Nourishment by the vessels of the nearby connective tissue )

🧷 Eye lense & its cornea ( Nourishment by the aqueous humor )

130
Q

Structurally, there are three types of capillaries ..

A
  • Sinusoid
  • Fenestrated
  • Continuous
131
Q

all three types have _________ junctions that join their endothelial cells together.

A

Tight junctions

132
Q

intercellular clefts are ..

A

Incomplete tight junctions that form gaps between the endothelial cells’.

133
Q

microcirculation

A

Movement of blood from an arteriole to a venule through a capillary bed.

134
Q

vascular shunt

A

The connection between the metarteriole and the thoroughfare channel by a short vessel directly at the opposite ends of the bed.

135
Q

true capillaries

A

The actual exchange vessels

136
Q

capillary bed consists of two types of vessels:

A
  • vascular shunt
  • true capillary
137
Q

The terminal arteriole feeding the bed leads into ..

A

The metarteriole

138
Q

The metarteriole ..

A

Intermediate between the capillary bed and the terminal arteriole.

139
Q

metarteriole is continuous with the ..

A

Thoroughfare channel

140
Q

Thoroughfare channel

A

Intermediate between the capillary bed and the the postcapillary venule

141
Q

The metarteriole is proximal to thoroughfare channel of the vascular shunt.

T/F

A

True

142
Q

precapillary sphincter

A

A cuff of smooth muscle that act as a valve that regulates the blood flow through the capillaries which is located at the root of the true capillary specifically at the metarteriole.

143
Q

Blood flowing through a terminal arteriole may go either through ..

A

Either through the true capillary or through the vascular shunt

144
Q

precapillary sphincters are relaxed (open), blood flows through ..

A

True capillaries and takes part in exchange with tissue cells.

145
Q

When the sphincters are contracted (closed), blood flows through ..

A

Vascular shunt, and bypasses the tissue cells.

146
Q

What regulates the amount of blood entering a capillary bed ?

A

Local chemical conditions and arteriolar vasomotor nerve fibers

147
Q

Capillaries unite to form ..

A

Venules

148
Q

The smallest venules are ..

A

The postcapillary venules

149
Q

postcapillary venules, consist of ..

A

Entirely of endothelium

150
Q

Postcapillary venules are extremely tightened without any gaps.

T/F

A

False, extremely porous

151
Q

Larger venules have one or two layers of smooth muscle cells ..

A

Scanty tunica media & thin tunica externa.

152
Q

Venules join to form ..

A

Veins

153
Q

Tunica media of veins ..

A

Consists of relatively little smooth muscle or elastin, and they are poorly developed & thin even in largest veins.

154
Q

The tunica externa

A

Composed of thick longitudinal collagen Fibers and elastic networks and it is thicker than the tunica media.

155
Q

In the largest veins—the venae cavae, what makes its tunica externa even thicker ?

A

Smooth muscles

156
Q

Veins are called also ..

A

Capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs

157
Q

Veins are called capacitance vessels and blood reservoirs because ..

A

They can hold up to 65% of the body’s blood supply

158
Q

The walls of veins can be much thicker than arterial walls without danger of bursting because the blood pressure in veins is low.

T/F

A

False, thinner

159
Q

the low-pressure condition demands several structural adaptations to ensure that veins return blood such ?

A

As larger lumens provide a low-resistance to blood flow.

160
Q

the low-pressure condition demands several structural adaptations to ensure that veins return blood. What is the second adaptation ?

A

Venous valves

161
Q

Venous valves ..

A

prevent blood from flowing backward in veins just as valves do in the heart.

162
Q

They are formed from folds of the ..

A

Tunica intima

163
Q

Venous valves are most abundant in the veins of ..

A

the limbs, where gravity opposes the upward flow of blood.

164
Q

Venous valves are usually absent in ..

A

veins of the thoracic and abdominal body cavities.

165
Q

Venous sinuses, such as ..

A

coronary sinus of the heart and the dural venous sinuses of the brain.

166
Q

Venous sinuses ..

A

highly specialized, flattened veins with extremely thin walls composed only of endothelium.

167
Q

Venous sinuses are supported by ..

A

the tissues that surround them, rather than by any additional tunics

168
Q

The dural venous sinuses ..

A

receive cerebrospinal fluid and blood draining from the brain, are reinforced by the tough dura mater that covers the brain surface.

169
Q

Typical cardiac pacemaker cells are found in ..

A

the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes

170
Q

Some cells can sometimes act as pacemakers, Such ..

A

As atrioventricular bundle, right and left bundle branches, and subendocardial conducting network (Purkinje fibers)

171
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node ..

(SHAPE & LOCATION)

A

The crescent-shaped sinoatrial node is located in the right atrial wall, just inferior to the entrance of the superior vena cava.

172
Q

The SA node sets the pace for the heart as a whole because ..

A

no other region of the conduction system or the myocardium has a faster depolarization rate.

173
Q

____________ it is the heart’s pacemaker, and its characteristic rhythm, called ___________, determines heart rate.

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node, sinus rhythm.

174
Q

From the SA node, the depo- larization wave spreads via gap junctions throughout the atria and via the internodal pathway to ..

A

atrioventricular node

175
Q

atrioventricular node location ..

A

inferior portion of the interatrial septum immediately above the tricuspid valve.

176
Q

At the AV node, the impulse is delayed for about 0.1 second. Why ?

A

allowing the atria to respond and complete their contraction before the ventricles contract.

177
Q

At the AV node, the impulse is delayed, This delay reflects ..

A

the smaller diameter of the fibers & the fact that they have fewer gap junctions for current flow.

178
Q

From the AV node, the impulse sweeps to the ..

A

atrioventricular bundle (also called the bundle of His)

179
Q

bundle of His LOCATION.

A

superior part of the interventricular septum

180
Q

Although the atria and ventricles are adjacent to each other, they are connected by gap junctions.

T/F

A

False, they’re not connected by gap junctions.

181
Q

the only connection between the adjacent atria and ventricles ( to each other ) is ..

A

AV bundle is the only electrical connection between them.

182
Q

The AV bundle persists only briefly before splitting into two pathways ..

A

the right and left bundle branches, which course along the interventricular septum toward the heart apex.

183
Q

subendocardial conducting network, also called Purkinje fibers shape ?

A

barrel-shaped cells with few myofibrils.

184
Q

Purkinje fibers completes the pathway through ..

A

the interventricular septum, penetrates into the heart apex, and then turns superiorly into the ventricular walls.

185
Q

The bundle branches excite the septal cells, but the bulk of ventricular depolarization depends on ..

A

the large fibers of the conducting network and

ultimately, on cell-to-cell transmission of the impulse via gap junctions between the ventricular muscle cells.

Because the left ventricle is much larger

Medical (10 decks)

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