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Medical > Blood 🩸📖ℹ️ > Flashcards

Blood 🩸📖ℹ️ Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Plasma

A

• 55% of whole blood
• Least dense component

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2
Q

Buffy coat

A

• Leukocytes and platelets
• <1% of whole blood

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3
Q

Erythrocytes

A

• 45% of whole blood (hematocrit)
• Most dense component

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4
Q

Formed elements

A

Buffy coat
Erythrocytes

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5
Q

Blood is ..

A

a specialized connective tissue in which living blood cells, called the formed elements, are suspended in a nonliving fluid matrix called plasma

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6
Q

Blood lacks some types of fibers which are ..

A

collagen and elastic fibers

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7
Q

Instead of collagen and elastic fibers, blood has a special type of fibers which are ..

A

dissolved fibrous proteins become visible as fibrin strands during blood clotting.

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8
Q

centrifugal force packs down the ___________ formed elements and the ___________ remains at the top.

A

heavier, less dense plasma.

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9
Q

buffy coat is

A

A thin, whitish layer present at the erythrocyte-plasma junction contains leukocytes and platelets.

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10
Q

Blood is more dense than water and about five times more viscous, largely because of ..

A

its formed elements.

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11
Q

the major factor contributing to blood viscosity are ..

A

Erythrocytes

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12
Q

most plasma proteins are produced by ..

A

The liver

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13
Q

Plasma proteins, are normally taken up by cells to be used as fuels or metabolic nutrients as are most other organic solutes, such as glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids.

T/F

A

F. Are not taken normally

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14
Q

osmotic pressure of blood ..

A

the pressure that helps to keep water in the bloodstream).

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15
Q

Albumin functions ..

A
  • acts as a carrier to shuttle certain molecules through the circulation
  • major blood protein contributing to the plasma osmotic pressure
  • important blood buffer
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16
Q

Plasma consists of ..

A

🩸 water

🩸 solutes

  • electrolytes
  • plasma protein ( albumin, globulin which has alpha, beta and gamma types, and fibrinogen )

-nonprotein nitrogenous substances

  • organic nutrients
  • respiratory gases
  • Hormones
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17
Q

Plasma Electrolytes and their functions ..

A

Most abundant solutes by number

cations include sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium;

anions include chloride, phosphate, sulfate, and bicarbonate;

help to maintain plasma osmotic pressure and normal blood pH

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18
Q

Plasma proteins ..

A

all contribute to osmotic pressure

and maintain water balance in blood and tissues

all have other functions (transport, enzymatic, etc.)

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19
Q

Plasma Albumin ..

A

60% of plasma proteins; produced by liver; main contributor to osmotic pressure

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20
Q

Plasma Globulins percentage ..

A

36% of plasma proteins

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21
Q

Plasma Globulins. ( alpha, beta ) description ..

A

Produced by liver; most are transport proteins that bind to lipids, metal ions, and fat-soluble vitamins

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22
Q

Plasma globulins ( gamma ) description ..

A

Antibodies released by plasma cells during immune response

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23
Q

Plasma Fibrinogen ..

A

4% of plasma proteins; produced by liver; forms fibrin threads of blood clot

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24
Q

Plasma Nonprotein nitrogenous substances ..

A

By-products of cellular metabolism, such as urea, uric acid, creatinine, and ammonium salts

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25
Q

Plasma Nutrients (organic) ..

A

Materials absorbed from digestive tract and transported for use throughout body

glucose and simple carbohydrates

amino acids

fatty acids, glycerol and triglycerides, cholesterol, and vitamins

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26
Q

Plasma Respiratory gases

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

oxygen mostly bound to hemoglobin inside RBCs;

carbon dioxide transported dissolved as bicarbonate ion or CO2, or bound to hemoglobin in RBCs

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27
Q

Plasma Hormones ..

A

Steroid and thyroid hormones carried by plasma proteins

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28
Q

Two of the three of the formed elements are not even true cells which are ..

A

Erythrocytes have no nuclei or organelles

platelets are cell fragments.

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29
Q

Most types of formed elements survive in the bloodstream for ..

A

only a few days.

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30
Q

Most blood cells do not divide. Instead ..

A

stem cells divide continuously in red bone marrow to replace them.

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31
Q

Erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBCs) are ..

A
  • shaped like biconcave discs— flattened discs with depressed centers

bound by a plasma membrane, but lack a nucleus (are anucleate) and have essentially no organelles.

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32
Q

hemoglobin (Hb) ..

A

the RBC protein that functions in gas transport.

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33
Q

antioxidant enzymes ..

A

Other protein present within erythrocytes that rid the body of harmful oxygen radicals.

34
Q

most erythrocytes’s proteins function as ..

A

structural proteins, allowing the RBC to deform yet spring back into shape.

35
Q

spectrin ..

A

One of a network of proteins attached to the cytoplasmic face of RBC plasma membranes maintains the biconcave shape of an erythrocyte.

To become cup shaped as they are carried passively through capillaries

36
Q

structural characteristics contribute to erythrocyte gas transport functions:

A

Its small size and shape provide a huge surface area relative to volume

The disc shape is ideally suited for gas exchange because no point within the cytoplasm is far from the surface.

Discounting water content, an erythrocyte is over 97% hemoglobin, the molecule that binds to and transports res- piratory gases.

Because erythrocytes lack mitochondria and generate ATP by anaerobic mechanisms without consuming O2

37
Q

the protein that makes red blood cells red ..

A

Hemoglobin

38
Q

Hemoglobin is made up of ..

A

the red heme pigment bound to the protein globin.

39
Q

Globin consists of four polypeptide chains ..

A

two alpha (α) and two beta (β)—each binding a ringlike heme group

40
Q

Each heme group bears an atom of ..

A

iron set like a jewel in its center

41
Q

A hemoglobin molecule can transport ________ molecules of oxygen.

A

Four. because each iron atom can combine reversibly with one molecule of oxygen.

42
Q

The fact that hemoglobin is contained in erythrocytes, rather than existing free in plasma, prevents it ..

A

(1) from breaking into fragments that would leak out of the bloodstream (through porous capillary walls)

(2) from making blood more viscous and raising osmotic pressure.

43
Q

When oxygen binds to iron, the hemoglobin, now called ..

A

oxyhemoglobin

44
Q

Oxygen detaches from iron, hemoglobin resumes its former shape, and the result is ..

A

deoxyhemoglobin, or reduced hemoglobin.

45
Q

About 20% of the carbon dioxide transported in the blood combines with ..

A

hemoglobin, but it binds to globin’s amino acids rather than to the heme group.

46
Q

carbaminohemoglobin

A

when hemoglobin is in the reduced state (dissociated from oxygen). and the direction of transport is from tissues to lungs.

47
Q

white blood cells are able to slip out of the capillary blood vessels by a process called ..

A

diapedesis

48
Q

The circulatory system is simply white blood cells means of transport to areas of the body mostly ..

A

loose connective tissues or lymphoid tissues

49
Q

white blood cells means of transport to areas of the body is ..

A

The circulatory system

50
Q

cell adhesion molecules

A

signals that prompt WBCs to leave the bloodstream at specific locations.

displayed by endothelial cells forming the capillary walls at sites of inflammation.

51
Q

leukocytes move through the tissue spaces by ..

A

amoeboid motion (they form flowing cytoplasmic extensions that move them along).

52
Q

positive chemotaxis

A

following the chemical trail of molecules released by damaged cells or other leukocytes

53
Q

leukocytosis

A

the body speeds up their production and their numbers may double

54
Q

Leukocytes are grouped into two major categories on the basis of ..

A

structural and chemical characteristics

55
Q

Granulocytes ..

A

contain obvious membrane-bound cytoplasmic granules ..

56
Q

agranulocytes ..

A

lack obvious granules.

57
Q

Describe Granulocytes ..

A

include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

are all roughly spherical in shape.

They are larger and much shorter-lived than erythrocytes.

They characteristically have lobed nuclei

58
Q

lobed nuclei ..

A

(rounded nuclear masses connected by thinner strands of nuclear material)

59
Q

Neutrophils ..

A

most numerous white blood cells

their granules take up both basic (blue) and acidic (red) dyes hence the name

Some of these granules contain hydrolytic enzymes, ( lysosomes ). Others contain a potent of antimicrobial proteins called defensins.

Neutrophil nuclei typically have three to six lobes.

bacterial killing is promoted by a process called a respiratory burst and defensin-mediated lysis .

60
Q

respiratory burst ..

A

the cells metabolize oxygen to produce potent germ-killer oxidizing substances such as bleach and hydrogen peroxide.

61
Q

defensin-mediated lysis

A

occurs when the granules containing defensins merge with a microbe-containing phagosome.

The defensins form peptide “spears” that pierce holes in the membrane

62
Q

Eosinophils

A

Their nucleus usually has two lobes connected by a broad band of nuclear material

Their granules are lysosome-like and filled with a unique variety of digestive enzymes. But they lack enzymes that specifically digest bacteria.

reside in the loose connective tissues

lead the counterattack against parasitic worms

63
Q

Basophils

A

rarest white blood cells

They have large, coarse, histamine-containing granules

Their nucleus is generally U or S shaped with one or two constrictions.

64
Q

Histamine

A

an inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts other white blood cells to the inflamed site

65
Q

Granulated cells similar to ..

A

basophils, called mast cells

66
Q

mast cells

A

found in connective tissues.

mast cell nuclei are more oval than lobed

bind to a particular antibody (immunoglobulin E) that causes the cells to release histamine.

67
Q

The agranulocytes

A

include lymphocytes and monocytes, WBCs that lack visible cytoplasmic granules.

Their nuclei are typically spherical or kidney shaped

68
Q

Lymphocytes

A

has a large nucleus that occupies most of the cell volume. The nucleus is usually spherical.

Lymphocytes are often classified by size (diameter) as small, medium, and large

69
Q

T lymphocytes (T cells)

A

function in the immune response by acting directly against virus-infected cells and tumor cells.

70
Q

B lymphocytes (B cells) ..

A

give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies (immunoglobulins) that are released to the blood.

71
Q

Monocytes

A

they are the largest leukocytes.

Their nucleus is U or kidney shaped.

72
Q

When circulating monocytes leave the bloodstream and enter the tissues, they differentiate into ..

A

highly mobile macrophages

73
Q

Macrophages are also important in ..

A

activating lymphocytes to mount the immune response.

74
Q

Platelets are not cells, instead they’re

A

cytoplasmic fragments of extraordinarily large cells called megakaryocytes

75
Q

The granules in platelets contain an impressive array of chemicals that act in the clotting process, including ..

A

serotonin, Ca2+, a variety of enzymes, ADP, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

76
Q

they circulate freely, kept mobile but inactive by molecules because of ..

A

(nitric oxide, prostacyclin) secreted by endothelial cells lining the blood vessels

77
Q

A hormone regulates the formation of platelets ..

A

called thrombopoietin

78
Q

formation of Platelets ..

A

repeated mitoses of the megakaryoblast (also called a stage I megakaryocyte) occur, but cytokinesis does not.

The final result is the mature (stage IV) megakaryocyte

79
Q

megakaryocyte

A

a bizarre cell with a huge, multi-lobed nucleus and a large cytoplasmic mass.

80
Q

How does platelet arrive into the blood stream ?

A

megakaryocyte presses against a sinusoid (the specialized type of capillary in the red marrow)

sends cytoplasmic extensions through the sinusoid wall into the bloodstream.

extensions rupture, releasing platelet fragments seeding the blood with platelets.

Medical (10 decks)

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