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Medical > Microbiology 🦠 > Flashcards

Microbiology 🦠 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Pathogens

A

A disease causing agent that disturbs the physiology of the infected organism

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2
Q

Body tube

A

Image focuses

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3
Q

Ocular lens

A

Magnifies image

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4
Q

Objective lens 1

A

Gather light, magnifies and focuses image inside the body tube

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5
Q

Objective lens 2

A

The objective lens (bottom) (convex lens) magnifies & focuses (collects) the image inside the body tube and the ocular lens (top) (convex lens) of a microscope magnifies it (again).

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6
Q

Staining

A

to better see structures

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7
Q

Microbial culture

A

growing the microbe

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8
Q

Container for microbe culture

A
  • usually Petri dish
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9
Q

• Culture media

A
  • Food for the microbes
  • E.g. Agar - (from red algae)
  • Others such as nutrient broths
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10
Q

Normal Flora

A

Microorganisms living on and inside us are 10 times more than the no. of our cells.

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11
Q

Microorganisms are essential for life on this planet as

A

some produce oxygen e.g. algae and cyanobacteria.

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12
Q

Many microorganisms are involved in the decomposition of

A

dead organisms and the waste product of living organisms. (Decomposers or Saprophytes).

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13
Q

Some microorganisms can decompose

A

industrial waste like oil spills.

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14
Q

Microorganisms are part of the food chain as

A

tiny animals feed on them. Others are involved in elemental cycles like carbon, nitrogen, sulfur…

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15
Q

Many microorganisms are essential in various food and

A

beverage industries e.g. production of cheese.

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16
Q

Some microorganisms are used to produce certain

A

enzymes, chemicals, and antibiotics.

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17
Q

Microorganisms are essential in the field of

A

genetic engineering.

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18
Q

For many years, microbes have been used as

A

“cell models” to study the structure and function of cells in general.

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19
Q

Bacteria in intestine help in

A

Disgusting and production of some vitamins.

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20
Q

Finally microorganisms can cause disease either by

A

colonizing the body or by production of toxins.

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21
Q

Bacteria may cause disease (pathogenic) by ..

A
  • producing toxic compounds (exotoxins)
  • releasing the substances when destroyed (endotoxins)
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22
Q

Bacteria reproduce quickly & compete with host cells for ..

A

space & nutrition.

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23
Q

Surface envelope of bacteria consists of:

A

Capsule

Cell wall

Cytoplasmic membrane

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24
Q

Cytoplasmic structures consists of ( only mentioned in the slides ) ..

A

Nucleoid

Plasmid

Ribosomes

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25
Q

Cell appendages of bacteria consists of ..

A

Flagellae

Pili ( Fimbriae )

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26
Q

Capsule is for:

A

protection & biofilm

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27
Q

Cell wall

A

resist osmotic pressure

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28
Q

Cytoplasmic membrane

A

surrounding membrane

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29
Q

Nucleoid

A

genetic material

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30
Q

Plasmid

A

circular free DNA

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31
Q

Ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

32
Q

Flagellae

A

movement

33
Q

Pili (Fimbriae):

A

Attachment

34
Q

Bacterial reproduction in three ways, What are they ?

A

Binary fission

Conjugation

Spore formation

35
Q

normal microbiot

A

Microorganisms that establish permanent colonies
inside/on the body without producing disease

36
Q

Humans and animals within the uterus are ..

A

Germ free

37
Q

After birth the microorganisms ..

A

Microorganisms begin colonization

38
Q

Transient microbiota

A

microbes that are present for various periods and then disappear

39
Q

Why bother differentiating bacteria?

A

cause different diseases

are resistant to different some
antibiotics

bacteria are common normal flora whilst other closely related species are pathogens

40
Q

How to Classify Bacteria ?

A

Based on ..

microscopic appearance (shape) & (stain)

different properties-often biochemical reactions

different bacterial growth requirement

Cell arrangement: individual, pairs, chains, tetrads (sarcina), (grape-like) staph clusters

Motility

Nutritional requirements

41
Q

Cell walls contain different amounts of peptidoglycan and other substances which result in characteristic staining properties such as ?

A

Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and Acid-fast cells.

42
Q

Gram-positive bacteria

A

have a single outer membrane surrounded by a thick layer of peptidoglycan

43
Q

Gram-negative bacteria

A

have a thin layer of peptidoglycan located between two outer membranes

44
Q

Gram staining works as a result of

A

the different effects of ethanol on the cell wall of the bacteria.

45
Q

Acid fast stain is the other name of ..

A

Ziehl-Neelsen stain)

46
Q

Example of Some organisms contain many lipids in their cell wall ?

A

Mycobacteriun tuberculosis.

47
Q

Obligatory aerobes:

A

Can grow only in presence of free O2.

48
Q

Obligatory anaerobes:

A

• Grow in absence of O2.

• Can not grow in the presence of oxygen.

e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

49
Q

Facultative anaerobes:

A

• Can grow well in presence or absence of O2.

• Most of pathogenic bacteria belong to this group.

50
Q

The carbohydrate fermentation test is used to ..

A

determine whether or not bacteria can ferment a specific carbohydrate.

51
Q

Endotoxin

A

Lipopolysaccharide of Gram negative bacteria.

52
Q

Exotoxin

A

Secretion in environment.

53
Q

Toxoid is

A

** toxin treated, usually with formaldehyde, so that it loses toxicity but retains antigenicity**.

54
Q

Viruses

A

metabolically inactive & incapable of reproducing unaided of a host cell

55
Q

Viruses can be either ..

A

DNA based ( adenoviruses )
RNA based ( retroviruses )

56
Q

Simpler viruses may lack a ..

A

Capsid

57
Q

more complex viruses may possess an external

A

Lipid envelope

58
Q

Structure of the virus ..
( Better to mention the function of each )

A

Capsid ( such as viroid )
Virion
Nucleocapsid
Protein spikes
Membrane envelope

59
Q

Viral shapes ..

A

Helical
Polyhedral symmetrical
Complex like bacteriophage
Enveloped

60
Q

There are two different cycles that viruses use to replicate (reproduce).

A

Lytic cycle: reproduction with destruction

Lysogenic cycle: reproduction without destruction

61
Q

why the Lysogenic Cycle?

A

Some stay dormant within host’s DNA, they flare-up in response to stress ( environmental changes ). E.G. Herpes

62
Q

Viroids

A
  • sub viral
  • smallest infectious pathogens
  • They are made up of a short strand of circular
    single strand RNA
  • without a protein coat
  • do not code for any protein
  • present on plants and cause diseases in them.
63
Q

spongiform encephalopathy ?

A

Aggregation of Prion proteins together that cause
holes in the brain tissue

64
Q

Infectious prion proteins are more resistant to denaturation & difficult to treat
T/F

A

True

65
Q

Disease-causing fungi usually attack ..

A

Body surfaces, mucous membranes

66
Q

hyphae

A

branching filaments which may form an invading threads called mycelium.

67
Q

Examples of fungal infections ..

A

Thrush ( yeasts ), Athletes foot ( molds )

68
Q

Fungi can be categorized according to

A

Uni- or Multi- cellular, yeasts or molds. Respectively.

69
Q

parasite ?

A

An organism that feeds and grow within an other organism

70
Q

Parasites can be classed as ..

A

Ectoparasite: out of the organism

Endoparasite: inside of the organism

71
Q

Endoparasites can include ..

A

Microparasites, unicellular Protozoa

Macroparasites, multicellular helminthes

72
Q

Helminthes classified according to body shape to:

A

Flatworms:
Cestode —> tape like
Trematode —> leaf like

Roundworms:
Intestinal nematode —> Ascaris
Tissue nematode —> pinworm

73
Q

Helminthes sex is ?

A

Separated or combined

74
Q

Elephantiasis is caused by?

A

Worms living with the organism tissue ( lymphatics )

75
Q

Protists are ?

A

Unicellular

76
Q

Important infectious diseases are caused by parasitic protists ..

A

Sleeping sickness by trypanosoma

Malaria by plasmodium

Diarrhea by cryptosporidium

Opportunistic life threatening

Medical (10 decks)

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