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Uni > The Lymphatic System > Flashcards

The Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunity and resistance?

A

It is the ability to use body defences to ward off diseases or damage

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of immunity?

A

Innate and adaptive

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3
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

These are the defences that are present at birth. They are always available and will provide rapid responses to protect us against disease

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4
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

These are the defences that involve specific recognition of a microbe. It response to a specific microbe that it adapts to or it adjusts to handle that specific microbe

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5
Q

What is a lymphocyte?

A

A white blood cell that participates in the immune response

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6
Q

What are the 2 lymphocytes found in adaptive immunity?

A

T Lymphocytes (T cells) and B lymphocytes (B cells)

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7
Q

What does the lymphatic system consist of?

A

Lymph vessels including - lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels and lymphatic trunks and ducts.
Organs - lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, thymus, red bone marrow and appendix

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8
Q

What is lymphatic tissue?

A

It is a specialised form of connective tissue that contains a large number of lymphocytes

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9
Q

What are the 3 primary functions of the lymphatic system?

A

1 - drains excess interstitial fluid
2 - transports dietary lipids
3 - carries out immune responses

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10
Q

How is interstitial fluid formed?

A

Components of blood plasma filter out from blood capillary walls to form the fluid

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11
Q

What do lymphatic vessels begin as?

A

lymphatic capillaries in tissue spaces between cells.

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12
Q

What do lymphatic capillaries merge to form?

A

lymphatic vessels

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13
Q

What flows through the lymph nodes?

A

Lymph

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14
Q

What are located in intervals along the lymphatic vessels?

A

Lymph nodes

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15
Q

What drains into the thoracic duct from the lymphatic vessels?

A

Lymph

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16
Q

What does the thoracic duct empty it’s lymph into?

A

Into the left internal jugular and the left subclavian vein.

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17
Q

Where does the lymphatic vessel empty it’s lymph into?

A

The thoracic duct or the right lymphatic duct

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18
Q

What does the right lymphatic duct empty it’s lymph into?

A

The right internal jugular or right subclavian vein.

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19
Q

What is a lymph node?

A

Masses of B and T cells surrounded by a capsule

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20
Q

What are the 2 pumps that bring back venous blood to the heart to maintain the flow of lymph?

A

Respiratory pump and skeletal muscle pump

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21
Q

What are primary lymphatic organs for?

A

They are the sites where stem cells divide and develop into mature T and B cells.

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22
Q

What are 2 primary lymphatic organs?

A

Red bone marrow and the thymus

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23
Q

What do the stem cells in the red bone marrow do?

A

Mature the B cells

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24
Q

What do the stem cells in the thymus do?

A

Mature into functioning T cells

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25
Q

What are the secondary lymphatic organs?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen and lymphatic nodules

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26
Q

What happens at the secondary lymphatic organ sites?

A

This is where the immunity responses occur

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27
Q

What is the thymus?
And what does is contain?

A

This is a 2 lobed organ that is located posterior to the sternum and medial to the lungs.

It contains large numbers of T cells and macrophages

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28
Q

What do lymph nodes contain?

A

B cells that develop into plasma cells, T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages.

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29
Q

How does lymph go through the lymphatic vessels?

A

They enter through the afferent lymphatic vessels and exits through the efferent lymphatic vessels

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30
Q

What is the spleen?

A

It is the largest single mass of lymphatic tissue. It lies between the stomach and the diaphragm. It contains 2 types of tissue - the white pulp and the red pulp

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31
Q

What are the 2 types of tissue found in the spleen?

A

The white pulp which is where the B and T cells carry out the immunity responses

The Red pulp which is blood filled sinuses where worn out blood cells and platelets are removed

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32
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A disease causing organism - bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites

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33
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A substance that induces the production of antibodies

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34
Q

What is an antibody?

A

An immunoglobulin that binds to specific antigens to facilitate their breakdown and removal from the body

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35
Q

What is an allergen?

A

An inert antigen capable of inducing an allergic reaction

36
Q

What are some physical barriers in immunity?

A
  • acid in the stomach
  • intact skin
  • coughing and sneezing
  • mucus in the lungs and digestive system
  • acid in sweat
  • bacteria in genital tract
  • cilia in respiratory tract
  • enzymes in tears
37
Q

What is the first line of defence in the innate immune system?

A

The skin and mucous membranes

38
Q

What are the external barriers for innate immunity?

A

The skin and mucous membranes which have physical and chemical barriers

39
Q

What are the internal barriers for innnate immunity?

A
  • Antimicrobial substances, natural killer cells, phagocytes, inflammation and fever
40
Q

What’s the second line of defence for innate immunity?

A

The internal barriers including - Antimicrobial substances, natural killer cells, phagocytes, inflammation and fever

41
Q

What are 4 main types of antimicrobial substances?

A
  • interferons
  • complement system
  • ironing-bindings proteins
  • antimicrobial proteins (AMPs)
42
Q

What happens if microbes penetrate the skin and mucous membranes or bypass the antimicrobial substances in the blood?

A

It goes to the next level response which is phagocytes and natural killer cells

43
Q

What is inflammation?

A

It is a nonspecific defensive response of the body to tissue damage

44
Q

What is a fever?

A

It is an elevated body temperature that intensifies the effects of interferons which inhibits the growth of some microbes and speeds up the reactions that aid repair

45
Q

What is the function of the Epidermis of skin?

A

Forms physical barrier to the entrance of microbes

46
Q

What is the function of Mucous membranes?

A

Inhibit entrance of many microbes, but not as effective as intact skin

47
Q

What is the function of Mucus?

A

Traps microbes in respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts

48
Q

What is the function of Hairs?

A

Filter out microbes and dust in nose

49
Q

What is the function of the Cilia?

A

Together with mucus, trap and remove microbes and dust from upper respiratory tract

50
Q

what is the function of the Lacrimal apparatus?

A

Tears dilute and wash away irritating substances and microbes

51
Q

what is the function of the Saliva?

A

Washes microbes from surfaces of teeth and mucous membranes of mouth

52
Q

What is the function of Urine?

A

To wash microbes from the uretha

53
Q

what is the function of Defecation and vomiting?

A

to Expel microbes from body

54
Q

What is the function of Sebum?

A

Forms protective acidic film over skin surface that inhibits growth of many microbes

55
Q

What is the function of Lysozyme?

A

Antimicrobial substance in perspiration, tears, saliva, nasal secretions, and tissue fluids

56
Q

What is the function of Gastric juice?

A

Destroys bacteria and most toxins in stomach

57
Q

What is the function of Vaginal secretions?

A

Slight acidity discourages bacterial growth; flush microbes out of vagina

58
Q

What is the function of Interferons (IFNs)?

A

Protect uninfected host cells from viral infection

59
Q

What is the function of Complement system?

A

Causes cytolysis of microbes; promotes phagocytosis; contributes to inflammation

60
Q

What is the function of Iron-binding proteins?

A

Inhibit growth of certain bacteria by reducing amount of available iron

61
Q

What is the function of Antimicrobial proteins (AMPs)?

A

Have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities and attract dendritic cells and mast cells

62
Q

What is the function of Natural killer (NK) cells?

A

Kill infected target cells by releasing granules that contain perforin and granzymes; phagocytes then kill released microbes

63
Q

What is the function of Phagocytes?

A

Ingest foreign particulate matter

64
Q

What is the function of Inflammation?

A

Confines and destroys microbes; initiates tissue repair

65
Q

What is the function of a fever?

A

Intensifies effects of interferons; inhibits growth of some microbes; speeds up body reactions that aid repair

66
Q

What is Adaptive Immunity?

A

It produces specific types of cells or specific antibodies to destroy a specific Antigen.

67
Q

What is an Antigen?

A

It is anything that the body recognises as foreign.

68
Q

What are some examples of antigens?

A

Pollen, Foods, Microbes, Drugs, Bacteria, and Viruses.

69
Q

What does adaptive immunity involve?

A

It involves lymphocytes called B cells and T cells. Both develop in the primary lymphatic organs.

70
Q

What are the 2 types of adaptive immunity?

A

1) cell-mediated immunity
2) antibody-mediated immunity

71
Q

What does antibody-mediated immunity involve?

A

B cells transform into plasma cells, then into antibodies

72
Q

What does cell-mediated immunity involve?

A

cytotoxic T cells directly attack invading antigens

73
Q

What are the 3 types of T cells?

A

1) Killer/cytotoxic T cells
2) Help T cells
3) Memory T cells

74
Q

What do Killer/cytotoxic T cells do?

A
  • Kill Target cells
  • Kill those cells that are infected with a virus or cancer
75
Q

What do helper T cells do?

A
  • Secrete Cytokines
  • Help coordinate other immune cells
76
Q

What do Memory T cells do?

A

Remains in lymphatic tissue and recognises the original invading antigen, even years after the first encounter.

77
Q

What are the 3 types of B cells?

A

1) Naive B cells
2) Plasma B cells
3) Memory B cells

78
Q

What do Naive B cells do?

A
  • They have to be activated by coming into contact withthe specific antigen
79
Q

What do Plasma B cells do?

A
  • They are the Antibody factory
  • They make a lot of Antibodies then die
80
Q

What do Memory B cells do?

A

They are ready to produce a more rapid and forceful secondary response should the same antigen enter the body in the future

81
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary response?

A

The primary response is slower and not as strong as the secondary response.
This is because of the lack of Memory cells.

82
Q

What is a vaccination?

A

Its putting a whole or part of a dead or weakened pathogen into the body

83
Q

What happens after the 1st and 2nd vaccination?

A

After the first vaccination, you develop a primary response. After the 2nd vaccination, you develop a secondary response.

84
Q

Why do you have to have annual boosters for vaccinations?

A

This is because after time the secondary response can go down and having a booster can bring the secondary response back up.

85
Q

What are RNA vaccinations for?

A

They are to get our bodies to make the antigens

Uni (7 decks)

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