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Biology GCSE > The Lungs, Circulatory system and Cardiovascular disease > Flashcards

The Lungs, Circulatory system and Cardiovascular disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an artery?

A

A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

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2
Q

What is a vein?

A

A blood vessel that carries blood to the heart

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3
Q

What is a capillary?

A

A blood vessel that is involved in the change in materials at the tissues

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4
Q

Where are the atrium in the heart?

A

On the top half connected to the pulmonary vein

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5
Q

Where are the ventricles?

A

On the bottom half of the heart attached to the pulmonary artery’s

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6
Q

How do you calculate the rate of blood flow?

A

The rate of blood flow = volume of blood/number of minutes

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7
Q

Why do Artery walls have to be thick?

A

The heart pumps the blood out at high pressure

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8
Q

How are the Arteries built to carrying blood at high pressure?

A

They contain thick layers of muscle and elastic fibre which allow them to stretch and spring back.

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9
Q

Where do Capillaries carry blood to?

A

They carry blood to every cell and exchange substances with them

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10
Q

What do Capillaries do when they exchange substances?

A

They have permeable walls, that allow oxygen and food to diffuse in and waste like CO2 to diffuse out.

Their walls are only one cell thick, which increases the rate of diffusion.

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11
Q

Why do veins not have to be as thick as Arteries?

A

Blood flows at lower pressure (they have bigger lumen to allow this to occur)

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12
Q

What do veins have in them to make sure the blood flows the right way?

A

Valves

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13
Q

What are the two ventricles in the heart?

A

Left and Right Ventricles (Part of the DOUBLE circulatory system)

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14
Q

What does the Right Ventricle do?

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen. Then blood returns to the heart.

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15
Q

What does the Left Ventricle do?

A

Pumps oxygenated blood around all the other organs of the body then gives up Oxygen to the body cells, then returns to the heart to be pumped to lungs again.

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16
Q

What are the walls of the Heart made out of?

A

Muscle tissue

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17
Q

What does the Heart have to make sure it flows blood in the right direction?

A

Valves

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18
Q

What are the four chambers in the heart?

A

Right Atrium, Left Atrium

Right Ventricle, Left Ventricle

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19
Q

How does the heart use its four chambers to pump blood around?

A

1) Blood flows into the two atria from the vena cava and the pulmonary vein
2) The atria contract, pushing the blood into the ventricles
3) The ventricles contract, forcing blood into the pulmonary artery, and aorta out of the heart
4) Blood flows to organs through arteries and returns
through veins.
5) Atria fill again and cycle repeats

20
Q

How is your resting heart rate controlled?

A

By a group of cells that produce a small electrical impulse, causing surrounding muscle cells to contract
(Acts like a pacemaker)

21
Q

What do red blood cells carry?

A

Oxygen

22
Q

Why is their biconcave disc shape useful?

A

Gives a larger surface area for absorbing oxygen (they also have no nucleus which allows them to carry more blood)

23
Q

What is the red pigment in red blood cells called?

A

Haemoglobin

24
Q

What are Platelets?

A

Small fragments of cells, which have no nucleus, help blood clot at wounds.

25
Q

What are some things that Plasma carries?

A

1) Red and White Blood Cells
2) Hormones
3) Proteins
4) Antibodies and Antitoxins

26
Q

What is the top part of your body called?

A

Thorax

27
Q

What are lungs protected by and surrounded by?

A

Protected by the ribcage

Surrounded by pleural membranes

28
Q

What do bronchi split into?

A

Bronchioles

29
Q

What do the lungs contain?

A

Millions of alveoli surrounded by a network of capillaries, where gas exchange happens.

30
Q

What happens as blood passes back from the rest of the body back to the lungs (near to the alvoli)?

A
  • Blood contains lots of CO2 and very little Oxygen
  • Oxygen diffuses out of the alveolus into the blood,
    CO2 diffuses out of the blood into the alveolus to be
    breathed out
31
Q

What happens when the blood reaches body cells?

A
  • Oxygen is released from the red blood cells and is diffused into the body cells
  • At the same time, CO2 diffuses out of the body cells into the blood, where it is carried back to the lungs.
32
Q

When does Coronary Heart Disease occur?

A

When the coronary arteries get blocked by a layer of fatty materials building up

33
Q

What does the build-up of fatty materials cause this cause?

A

It causes the arteries to get narrow, so blood flow is restricted and there is a lack of oxygen to the heart muscle - which can cause a heart attack.

34
Q

What can be used to treat Coronary Heart Disease?

A

Stents

35
Q

What is a positive and negative of the use of stents?

A
  • They are effective for a long time and recovery time is fast.
    BUT
  • There is a risk of infection from the surgery.
36
Q

What can a build-up of Cholesterol cause?

A

Fatty deposits to form inside arteries (causing Coronary Heart disease)

37
Q

What drug can be used to reduce the amount of cholesterol?

A

Statins

38
Q

What are some advantages of Statins?

A

1) Reduces the risk of strokes, heart attacks and disease

2) Can increase the amount of HDL cholesterol (good cholesterol)

39
Q

What are some disadvantages of Statins?

A

1) A long-term drug that must be taken regularly (may forget to take them)
2) Can cause some side effects like headaches or serious one’s kidney failure or memory loss

40
Q

In the case of heart failure, what can doctors perform?

A

Heart transplant (replace the heart with donor heart or artificial)

41
Q

What is the advantage of an artificial heart?

A

Less lightly to be rejected by the body’s immune system

42
Q

What is the disadvantage of an artificial heart?

A

They can wear out over time, and patients must use blood-thinning drugs to prevent blood clots or strokes - which could create further complications

43
Q

Why might a heart valve need to be replaced?

A
  • They may allow blood to flow in both directions, meaning that blood doesn’t circulate properly
  • Can be caused by old age, infection or heart attacks
44
Q

What are the two types of valve which can be used as a replacement?

A

Biological and Mechanical

45
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Heart Valve replacement?

A
  • Less drastic surgery procedure than a whole heart transplant
    BUT
  • May still cause blood clotting issues

Biology GCSE (18 decks)

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