The Lungs, Circulatory system and Cardiovascular disease

Question 1

What is an artery?

Answer 1

A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

Question 2

What is a vein?

Answer 2

A blood vessel that carries blood to the heart

Question 3

What is a capillary?

Answer 3

A blood vessel that is involved in the change in materials at the tissues

Question 4

Where are the atrium in the heart?

Answer 4

On the top half connected to the pulmonary vein

Question 5

Where are the ventricles?

Answer 5

On the bottom half of the heart attached to the pulmonary artery’s

Question 6

How do you calculate the rate of blood flow?

Answer 6

The rate of blood flow = volume of blood/number of minutes

Question 7

Why do Artery walls have to be thick?

Answer 7

The heart pumps the blood out at high pressure

Question 8

How are the Arteries built to carrying blood at high pressure?

Answer 8

They contain thick layers of muscle and elastic fibre which allow them to stretch and spring back.

Question 9

Where do Capillaries carry blood to?

Answer 9

They carry blood to every cell and exchange substances with them

Question 10

What do Capillaries do when they exchange substances?

Answer 10

They have permeable walls, that allow oxygen and food to diffuse in and waste like CO2 to diffuse out.

Their walls are only one cell thick, which increases the rate of diffusion.

Question 11

Why do veins not have to be as thick as Arteries?

Answer 11

Blood flows at lower pressure (they have bigger lumen to allow this to occur)

Question 12

What do veins have in them to make sure the blood flows the right way?

Answer 12

Valves

Question 13

What are the two ventricles in the heart?

Answer 13

Left and Right Ventricles (Part of the DOUBLE circulatory system)

Question 14

What does the Right Ventricle do?

Answer 14

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen. Then blood returns to the heart.

Question 15

What does the Left Ventricle do?

Answer 15

Pumps oxygenated blood around all the other organs of the body then gives up Oxygen to the body cells, then returns to the heart to be pumped to lungs again.

Question 16

What are the walls of the Heart made out of?

Answer 16

Muscle tissue

Question 17

What does the Heart have to make sure it flows blood in the right direction?

Answer 17

Valves

Question 18

What are the four chambers in the heart?

Answer 18

Right Atrium, Left Atrium

Right Ventricle, Left Ventricle

Question 19

How does the heart use its four chambers to pump blood around?

Answer 19

1) Blood flows into the two atria from the vena cava and the pulmonary vein
2) The atria contract, pushing the blood into the ventricles
3) The ventricles contract, forcing blood into the pulmonary artery, and aorta out of the heart
4) Blood flows to organs through arteries and returns
through veins.
5) Atria fill again and cycle repeats

Question 20

How is your resting heart rate controlled?

Answer 20

By a group of cells that produce a small electrical impulse, causing surrounding muscle cells to contract
(Acts like a pacemaker)

Question 21

What do red blood cells carry?

Answer 21

Oxygen

Question 22

Why is their biconcave disc shape useful?

Answer 22

Gives a larger surface area for absorbing oxygen (they also have no nucleus which allows them to carry more blood)

Question 23

What is the red pigment in red blood cells called?

Answer 23

Haemoglobin

Question 24

What are Platelets?

Answer 24

Small fragments of cells, which have no nucleus, help blood clot at wounds.

Question 25

What are some things that Plasma carries?

Answer 25

1) Red and White Blood Cells 2) Hormones 3) Proteins 4) Antibodies and Antitoxins

Question 26

What is the top part of your body called?

Answer 26

Thorax

Question 27

What are lungs protected by and surrounded by?

Answer 27

Protected by the ribcage | Surrounded by pleural membranes

Question 28

What do bronchi split into?

Answer 28

Bronchioles

Question 29

What do the lungs contain?

Answer 29

Millions of alveoli surrounded by a network of capillaries, where gas exchange happens.

Question 30

What happens as blood passes back from the rest of the body back to the lungs (near to the alvoli)?

Answer 30

- Blood contains lots of CO2 and very little Oxygen - Oxygen diffuses out of the alveolus into the blood, CO2 diffuses out of the blood into the alveolus to be breathed out

Question 31

What happens when the blood reaches body cells?

Answer 31

- Oxygen is released from the red blood cells and is diffused into the body cells - At the same time, CO2 diffuses out of the body cells into the blood, where it is carried back to the lungs.

Question 32

When does Coronary Heart Disease occur?

Answer 32

When the coronary arteries get blocked by a layer of fatty materials building up

Question 33

What does the build-up of fatty materials cause this cause?

Answer 33

It causes the arteries to get narrow, so blood flow is restricted and there is a lack of oxygen to the heart muscle - which can cause a heart attack.

Question 34

What can be used to treat Coronary Heart Disease?

Answer 34

Stents

Question 35

What is a positive and negative of the use of stents?

Answer 35

- They are effective for a long time and recovery time is fast. BUT - There is a risk of infection from the surgery.

Question 36

What can a build-up of Cholesterol cause?

Answer 36

Fatty deposits to form inside arteries (causing Coronary Heart disease)

Question 37

What drug can be used to reduce the amount of cholesterol?

Answer 37

Statins

Question 38

What are some advantages of Statins?

Answer 38

1) Reduces the risk of strokes, heart attacks and disease | 2) Can increase the amount of HDL cholesterol (good cholesterol)

Question 39

What are some disadvantages of Statins?

Answer 39

1) A long-term drug that must be taken regularly (may forget to take them) 2) Can cause some side effects like headaches or serious one's kidney failure or memory loss

Question 40

In the case of heart failure, what can doctors perform?

Answer 40

Heart transplant (replace the heart with donor heart or artificial)

Question 41

What is the advantage of an artificial heart?

Answer 41

Less lightly to be rejected by the body's immune system

Question 42

What is the disadvantage of an artificial heart?

Answer 42

They can wear out over time, and patients must use blood-thinning drugs to prevent blood clots or strokes - which could create further complications

Question 43

Why might a heart valve need to be replaced?

Answer 43

- They may allow blood to flow in both directions, meaning that blood doesn't circulate properly - Can be caused by old age, infection or heart attacks

Question 44

What are the two types of valve which can be used as a replacement?

Answer 44

Biological and Mechanical

Question 45

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Heart Valve replacement?

Answer 45

- Less drastic surgery procedure than a whole heart transplant BUT - May still cause blood clotting issues