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Biology GCSE > Inheritance, variation and evolution > Flashcards

Inheritance, variation and evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of cell division occurs during sexual reproduction (Fertilisation)?

A

Meiosis

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2
Q

What does this type of cell division create?

A

Gametes

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3
Q

Explain the process of Meiosis?

A

1) Copies of the genetic information are made
2) The cell divides twice to form four gametes, each with a single set of chromosomes
3) Gametes are haploid
4) All gametes are genetically different from each other

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4
Q

What does Haploid mean and How many chromosomes are there?

A

Is a cell that has half the usual number of chromosomes (23).

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5
Q

Where does Meiosis occur in humans?

A

Men - Testes

Women - Ovaries

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6
Q

How do Mitosis and Meiosis differ?

A

Mitosis - is a form of cell division which produces two identical, diploid body cells

Meiosis - is a form of cell division which produces four non-identical, haploid sex cells or gametes (sperm and ova in humans)

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7
Q

What is meant by asexual reproduction and are Gametes needed?

A

Type of reproduction that requires only one parent.

No Gametes are needed

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8
Q

Name some examples of organisms that use Mitosis?

A

1) Bacteria

2) Production of spores by fungi

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9
Q

Explain the process of Mitosis?

A

1) Chromosomes in the nucleus are copied
2) The chromosomes move to centre of the cell.
3) Chromosomes and their copies are pulled apart, move toward the poles.
4) Chromosomes separate
5) Cell divides two genetically identical daughter cells.

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10
Q

What are all offspring off asexual reproduction?

A

Genetically Identical

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11
Q

Difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?

A

Sexual reproduction -

  1. Uses Meiosis,
  2. Offspring genetically varied
  3. Uses gametes

Asexual reproduction -

  1. Uses Mitosis
  2. Offspring are genetically identical
  3. No gametes are used
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12
Q

Definition of a Gamete?

A

Sex cell in humans (Sperm in Male, Eggs in Females)

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13
Q

Definition of a chromosome?

A

The structure made of DNA that codes for all the characteristics of an organism.

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14
Q

Definition of a gene?

A

A gene is a section of DNA which controls part of a cell’s chemistry - particularly protein production.

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15
Q

What is meant by selective breeding?

A

When humans breed plants and animals to obtain a specific characteristic.

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16
Q

The main steps in Selective Breeding?

A

1) Decide which characteristics are important enough.
2) Choose parents that show these characteristics from a mixed population.
3) Breed, choose offspring with desired characteristics.
4) Repeat this process over many generations.

17
Q

Name some desired characteristics in plants?

A
  • Resistance to diseases

- Produce a high yield

18
Q

Name some desired characteristics in animals?

A
  • Produce a larger amount of meat/milk

- More domesticated animals e.g dogs with a gentler nature

19
Q

What are some benefits of Selective breeding?

A
  • Can produce better product

- Plants can be grown in different (more demanding) environments

20
Q

What are some negatives of Selective Breeding?

A
  • Reduce genetic variation, more vulnerable to disease.

- Rare genetic diseases can be unknowingly selected.

21
Q

Explain the process of Antibiotic resistance?

A

1) Random mutation occurs in the genes of original bacterial.
2) Mutation may protect the bacteria from the antibiotic
3) Bacteria without mutation will die off, and have no offspring.
4) Resistant Bacteria can reproduce, with no competition.

22
Q

Name some ways to prevent resistance to antibiotics?

A
  • Reduce the use of antibiotics in agriculture
  • Doctors should only provide antibiotics if necessary.
  • Patients should always complete a full course of antibiotics.
23
Q

Who invented the original idea of Classification?

A

Carl Linnaeus

24
Q

Name the 5 Kingdoms?

A 
Animals
Plants
Fungi
Protoctists
Prokaryotes
25
Q

What are the rankings of further division?

A 
Kingdoms
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
26
Q

What is the Name of the scientist who created the Domains theory?

A

Carl Woese

27
Q

Name the 3 Domains?

A
  1. Archaea (primitive bacteria)
  2. Bacteria (true bacteria)
  3. Eukaryota (this includes protists, fungi, plants + animals)
28
Q

What does the first part of a species name signify?

A

Its genus

e. g (Homo) Sapiens
- ———–

29
Q

What does the second part of a species name signify?

A

The species

e. g Homo (Sapiens)
- ————-

Biology GCSE (18 decks)

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