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Physiology Units > The Lung > Flashcards

The Lung Flashcards

1
Q

gas exchange

A

lungs have tiny bibles which provide surface area and gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide; both are transferred passively via diffusion (for maximum transfer surface area, minimal diffusion distance)

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2
Q

O2 and CO2

A

amounts are a function of mass, but rate of gas transfer is a function of surface area

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3
Q

why is gas transfer more efficient for smaller animals

A

small animals have short distances and large surface to volume whereas large animals must rely on special respiratory organs (lungs)

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4
Q

four components of gas exchange

A

breathing movements (chest pressure), diffusion (@ alveoli “bubbles” in lungs), bulk transport of gases (how much air in/out of lungs; collapse if there was no air in lungs) diffusion btw blood and mitochondria

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5
Q

O2 and CO2 are similar in…

A

size (what is sufficient for oxygen is likely to be sufficient for CO2 removal)

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6
Q

graham’s law

A

rate diffusion is inversely proportionate to the square root of its molecular weight; of oxygen goes into tissue carbon dioxide comes out (smaller molecules diffuse faster!!!)

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7
Q

without a respiratory pigment…

A

O2 could be relatively low (.3%)

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8
Q

Hemoglobin

A

(20%) binds oxygen; in RBC, contains 4 iron-containing molecules (heme), globin: a tetrameric protein, O2 binds to the iron in heme ; 200x greater affinity for CO2

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9
Q

can gas exchange still occur without breathing?

A

YES

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10
Q

oxygen affinity

A

varies w partial pressure, controls release or acceptance of O2

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11
Q

what happens at high elevation? how does the body compensate?

A

?

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12
Q

hemoglobin- oxygen affinity is reduced by:

A

elevated temp (CO2 released), binding of organic phosphate ligands (ATP or GTP), decrease in pH, increase in CO2

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13
Q

what happens when tissues have high levels of CO2?

A

there is a conversion of carbon dioxide to acid, pH decreases along with oxygen affinity

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14
Q

oxygen affinity

A

attraction to oxygen; heme groups can hold oxygen (affinity changes w pressure) pressure increase then affinity increases

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15
Q

does oxygen stay the same at different altitudes?

A

yes, but partial pressure of oxygen goes down (each has gives partial pressure to air)

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16
Q

when hemoglobin is low…

A

it gives to tissue easily

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17
Q

what causes hemoglobin to hold on tight?

A

blood and tissue

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18
Q

what happens to EPO at high elevation

A

body reduces EPO to make more RBC’s at high elevation

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19
Q

pressure in air vs. experiencing vs. lungs

A

on a pressure gradient; movement of gases: binding; controls release/acceptance of oxygen

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20
Q

if affinity is high…

A

it won’t let go of oxygen; affinity is strong enough to pull from air but not to let go

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21
Q

How does the body compensate from pressure differences?

A

it makes more RBC from EPO that comes from the kidney

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22
Q

myoglobin

A

can become saturated at much lower partial pressure, hemoglobin is saturated at 35%

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23
Q

as pH decreases, saturation and affinity…

A

also decrease (affinity & pH: Bohr Effect)

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24
Q

blood is basic at?

A

7.4-7.6

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25
Q

Bohr affect

A

the decrease in affinity due to decrease in pH

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26
Q

why is venous blood lower in pH?

A

higher CO2 content

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27
Q

differences in fetal hemoglobin

A

fetal hemoglobin has gamma chains instead of beta chains with higher oxygen affinity

28
Q

how does a child born with alpha gamma hemoglobin change to alpha gamma?

A

Body destroys alpha gamma to make aloha beta which destroys hemoglobin like crazy and produces bilirubin (when recycling, the excess bilirubin (yellow pigment) gets removed by the liver or the baby becomes jaundice

29
Q

breathing

A

air is warm and humidified, filtered

30
Q

filtering in lungs

A

respiratory mucosa (lungs, bronch, trachea), collated columnar and cuboidal epithelium, cilia beat towards pharynx (lining our throat there are hairs constantly moving particles caught by pharynx)

31
Q

effects of smoking

A

destroys cilia; mucous and stuff that should get caught and stuck; contains CO2 which effects the CO2 diffusion gradient, carcinogenic chemicals, nicotine that paralyzes cilia

32
Q

tuberculosis

A

contagious bacterial infection (lymph nodes and scarring)

33
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

dense mucous (european descent)

34
Q

normal CFTR channel

A

CFTR protein regulates chloride ions (moves chloride ions to the outside of the cell, balance water movement by balancing ion concentration)

35
Q

mutant CFTR Channel

A

no chloride movement leads to osmosis: thick and sticky mucous (since they don’t have the balance)

36
Q

inspiration (inhalation)

A

air is earned and humidified, cooling the nose; the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract (ribs expand); negative pressure for air to go in

37
Q

exhalation

A

air is cooled and loses water, wetting the nose; muscles (ribs) relax and diaphragm domes upward; positive pressure for air to go out

38
Q

tidal volume

A

the amount of air moved into or out of the lungs

39
Q

anatomic dead space

A

air volume not involved in gas exchange (new and old)

40
Q

alveolar ventilation volume

A

the amount of air actually involved in gas exchange

41
Q

when we breathe through a long hose…

A

increase dead space and CO2 content in the lungs increases

42
Q

MAIN THING THAT CONTROLS BREATHING

A

measurement and receptors for CO2

43
Q

chemoreceptors

A

recognize the CO2 increase and increase tidal volume

44
Q

if dead space increases…

A

the brain must respond with high tidal volumes and lower respiratory frequency (not all air is involved in gas exchange, hence our air is STALE)

45
Q

WHICH GAS IS BEING MONITORED FOR BREATHING RATES

A

carbon dioxide

46
Q

eupnea

A

normal ventilation

47
Q

hyper/hypoventilation

A

changes in rate or depth of breathing with changes in blood levels of CO2 (hyper: gets rid of lots of CO2 but not bringing in enough O2 because the brain thinks there is too much so vasoconstriction occurs)

48
Q

hypernea

A

increased ventilation due to increased breathing in response to elevated CO2 (exercise)

49
Q

apnea

A

absence of breathing

50
Q

dyspnea

A

labored breathing (sensation of breathlessness)

51
Q

polypnea

A

increase in breathing rate without increase in depth of breathing (panting)

52
Q

hyperventilation

A

increased breathing rate expels CO2 faster than it is produced which leads to low levels in the blood; interpreted as over abundance of O2, reduced blood flow to brain via vasoconstriction

53
Q

FLOW OF AIR

A

nose/nasal cavity> pharynx (naso, oro, laryngo)> larynx> trachea> bronchi> bronchioles> terminal bronchioles> respiratory bronchioles> terminal alveolar buds> alveoli

54
Q

larynx

A

composed of cartilage and production of sound, vocal cords/sound box

55
Q

trachea and bronchi

A

hard rings “cartilage” that allow them to not collapse (if flattened no gas exchange could occur); kept clean by cilia, epirhelium produces mucous to attach to foreign agents, cilia beat towards the mouth to keep lungs clean

56
Q

alveoli

A

blind-ended interconnected spaces, location of gas transfer, millions in lungs, pores of kohn,

57
Q

transport of oxygen

A

1) O2 diffused through lung capillary walls, 2) o2 is carried to tissues bound to hemoglobin, 3) O2 diffuses through tissue capillary walls

58
Q

transport of carbon dioxide

A

1) CO2 diffused through lung capillary walls, 2) Co2 is carried to the lungs 3) O2 diffuses through tissue capillary walls

59
Q

oxygen and CO2 are carried by

A

oxygen: hemoglobin, CO2 plasma

60
Q

emphysema

A

alveoli become dry and brittle so they rupture; second hand can lead to lung issues as well (RADON)

61
Q

asthma

A

a reaction of smooth muscle to agent which increases mucous profane can impair breathing like crazy (bronchioles create mucous like crazy

62
Q

premature newborns

A

may die due to loss of lung function

63
Q

possible remedies for premature newborns

A

1) pulmonary surfactants: lubricant to keep from collapsing or sticking; 2) full lungs to keep them open

64
Q

danger of capillaries collapsing

A

they are thin and smal peridocytes

65
Q

pulmonary surfactants (“prevent capillaries from collapsing”)

A

create low surface tension for alveoli so the lung can stretch, prevent alveoli from sticking, inflate babies lung, reduce resistance or blood flow to prevent capillaries from collapsing, reduce water flux across lung epithelium (less water loss)

Physiology Units (8 decks)

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