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Physiology Units > Kindey > Flashcards

Kindey Flashcards

1
Q

Kidney

A

major filtering organ; how you clean your refrigerator

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2
Q

how many nephrons are there in the kidney

A

one to 2 and a half million

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3
Q

what connects the kidney to the bladder

A

the ureter so urine can be stored in the bladder

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4
Q

reabsorption

A

kidney puts material back into the blood which causes it to stay in the body; proximal convoluted tubule, sodium pumps, electrochemical gradient for anions, osmosis/diffusion, glucose carriers; descending/ascending loop of henle

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5
Q

once it is put into the nephron…

A

IT IS LEAVING THROUGH THE BLADDER (can’t be reabsorbed)

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6
Q

purpose of the kidney

A

FILTRATION, REABSORPTION, SECRETION, maintaining blood sugars and proteins, regulate water and salt conc., pH regulation

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7
Q

filtration

A

occurs without energy, strainer system (glumarious)

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8
Q

reabsorption

A

often requires protein pumps which require energy (ATP), but can be passive; takes place through transporter proteins (movement of sodium

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9
Q

secretion

A

uses both active and passive movements of selective molecules (anything inside nephron, if it goes into duct with be dumped by the bladder)

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10
Q

how does the kidney maintain blood sugars and proteins

A

all sugars (glucose) is put back into the blood by the glucose transporter proteins (GLUT1)

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11
Q

how does the kidney regulate water and salt concentrations in the blood

A

The hormones ADH (antidiuretic hormone) actively acts on the receptors if the nephron and Aldosterone is important in salt balance (water follows sodium

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12
Q

how does the kidney control pH regulation

A

nephron can control the concentration of products in urine

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13
Q

Under what circumstances do you lose glucose?

A

malfunctioning in glucose transporter protein or too much in the body (diabetes) would result in sugar in urine

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14
Q

how does protein get into urine?

A

damaged nephron (usually cannot get out because they are too big for the holes of the nephrons)

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15
Q

path of stuff through kidney

A

blood>kidney>vessels >nephron>capsul:bad stuff, blood: good stuff

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16
Q

nephron

A

Functional structure of the kidney. WHERE ALL BLOOD IS FILTERED! Responsible for absorption and reabsorption of water, salt and glucose. long:cortex>medulla, short:in cortex

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17
Q

major blood vessels in the kidney

A

rental artery and vein

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18
Q

ureter

A

dumps into the bladder, lined with transitional epithelium

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19
Q

renal capsule

A

fibrous membrane that covers the renal cortex, helps maintain the shape of kidney and provides protection

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20
Q

renal cortex

A

outer portion of the kidney

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21
Q

renal medulla

A

inner portion of the kidney

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22
Q

renal pyramids

A

The structures in the kidney where blood filtration takes place.

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23
Q

renal columns

A

extension of the renal cortex that separates the renal pyramids

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24
Q

major calyx

A

branching extensions of the renal pelvis that collect urine draining from the papillae and empty it into the renal pelvis

25
Q

renal pelvis

A

cavity in a kidney that channels urine to the ureter

26
Q

Why is the bladder and ureters lined with transitional epithelium?

A

to allow for stretching a recoiling

27
Q

What are the composition and properties or urine

A

about 95% water; usually contains urea, uric acid, and creatinine; may contain trace amounts of amino acids and electrolytes

28
Q

Does ADH increase or decrease urine volume

A

decrease

29
Q

What parts of the renal tubule respond to ADH?

A

Distal Comvuluted Tubules

30
Q

What are the three divisions of the renal tubule?

A
  1. proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
  2. nephron loop
  3. distal convoluted tube (DCT)
31
Q

What are the two components of the renal corpuscle?

A

glomerular capsule and glomerulus

32
Q

What are the differences between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

juxtamedullary: nephron loops extend deep into the medulla
cortical: short nephron loops that usually do not reach the renal medulla
(epithelial changes)

33
Q

Which is more abundant, cortical or juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

cortical nephrons; juxtamedullary nephrons represent only about 20%

34
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons are important in…

A

regulating water balance

35
Q

tubular secretion

A

process of substances moving out of the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule for excretion in the urine; wastes, drugs and ions

36
Q

tubular reabsorption

A

process that transports substances out of the renal tubule into the interstitial fluid from which the substances diffuse into peritubular capillaries; glucose, water, urea, proteins, creatine, amino, lactic, citric and uric acids

37
Q

ascending loop of henle

A

up (thick)

38
Q

descending loop of henle

A

down (thin)

39
Q

Why is the difference in size between the efferent and afferent arterioles important?

A

Causes pressure to be created to help filtration because afferent is bigger than efferent

40
Q

what is the purpose of the vasa recta in the nephron?

A

to help substances go in and out

41
Q

how does afferent change to efferent

A

through the glumerulus

42
Q

glomerulus

A

filtration (specific blood vessels assoc. “pasta strainer” (fenestrated capillaries:movement of ions), concentration gradient can move liquid out) pressure (hydrostatic vs oscolic osmotic), negatively charged protein layer, podocytes, GFR

43
Q

flow of afferent arteriole

A

under autonomic control, control flow of blood through Glomerus

44
Q

vasodilation of afferent arteriole

A

increase afferent diameter, increase filtration, increase pressure

45
Q

vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole

A

reduces production and blood flow into the glomerus

46
Q

more surface area=

A

more filtration

47
Q

podocytes

A

form slits that are too small for proteins to get through; result is a filtrate similar to plasma minus the proteins since they are too big

48
Q

fenestrated capillaries allow for

A

movement of ions

49
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

A

125 mL/min, approx 180 L/day, (total plasma volume is about 3L; only 1.5L excreted in urine

50
Q

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

A

sodium is being reabsorbed, separation of substances, LOTS AND LOTS OF WATER

51
Q

Descending Loop of Henle

A

reabsorption of water but no ions, creates a concentrated fluid, water moves out, simple squamous because no active transport need or energy needed to move water

52
Q

ascending loop of henle

A

impermeable to water, ions reabsorbed (keep water in, kick out salt, remains go through)

53
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A

secretion of ions, acids, drugs, and toxins, reabsorption of sodium and calcium controlled by macula densa (affected by sodium levels and prostaglandin production), juxtaglomerular cells, reabsorption of water

54
Q

juxtaglomerular cells (JG)

A

respond to sympathetic stimulation and reduced renal blood flow of the JG complex (erythropoietin and renin)

55
Q

Renin

A

begins the process of raising blood pressure (angiotensin receptor blockers)

56
Q

SPECIAL CELLS

A

absorb salts and ions, 2 groups: JG cells and macliadenca cells, monitor blood pressure

57
Q

collecting ducts

A

pass through high salt concentrated medulla, variable in its permeability to water

58
Q

what does ADH do to the permeability of water

A

?

59
Q

erythropoietin

A

promotes the formation of red blood cells by the bone marrow

Physiology Units (8 decks)

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