Kindey Flashcards by Lexi Vitale

Kidney

major filtering organ; how you clean your refrigerator

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how many nephrons are there in the kidney

one to 2 and a half million

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what connects the kidney to the bladder

the ureter so urine can be stored in the bladder

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reabsorption

kidney puts material back into the blood which causes it to stay in the body; proximal convoluted tubule, sodium pumps, electrochemical gradient for anions, osmosis/diffusion, glucose carriers; descending/ascending loop of henle

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once it is put into the nephron…

IT IS LEAVING THROUGH THE BLADDER (can’t be reabsorbed)

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purpose of the kidney

FILTRATION, REABSORPTION, SECRETION, maintaining blood sugars and proteins, regulate water and salt conc., pH regulation

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filtration

occurs without energy, strainer system (glumarious)

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reabsorption

often requires protein pumps which require energy (ATP), but can be passive; takes place through transporter proteins (movement of sodium

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secretion

uses both active and passive movements of selective molecules (anything inside nephron, if it goes into duct with be dumped by the bladder)

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how does the kidney maintain blood sugars and proteins

all sugars (glucose) is put back into the blood by the glucose transporter proteins (GLUT1)

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how does the kidney regulate water and salt concentrations in the blood

The hormones ADH (antidiuretic hormone) actively acts on the receptors if the nephron and Aldosterone is important in salt balance (water follows sodium

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how does the kidney control pH regulation

nephron can control the concentration of products in urine

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Under what circumstances do you lose glucose?

malfunctioning in glucose transporter protein or too much in the body (diabetes) would result in sugar in urine

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how does protein get into urine?

damaged nephron (usually cannot get out because they are too big for the holes of the nephrons)

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path of stuff through kidney

blood>kidney>vessels >nephron>capsul:bad stuff, blood: good stuff

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nephron

Functional structure of the kidney. WHERE ALL BLOOD IS FILTERED! Responsible for absorption and reabsorption of water, salt and glucose. long:cortex>medulla, short:in cortex

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major blood vessels in the kidney

rental artery and vein

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ureter

dumps into the bladder, lined with transitional epithelium

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renal capsule

fibrous membrane that covers the renal cortex, helps maintain the shape of kidney and provides protection

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renal cortex

outer portion of the kidney

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renal medulla

inner portion of the kidney

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renal pyramids

The structures in the kidney where blood filtration takes place.

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renal columns

extension of the renal cortex that separates the renal pyramids

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major calyx

branching extensions of the renal pelvis that collect urine draining from the papillae and empty it into the renal pelvis

renal pelvis

cavity in a kidney that channels urine to the ureter

Why is the bladder and ureters lined with transitional epithelium?

to allow for stretching a recoiling

What are the composition and properties or urine

about 95% water; usually contains urea, uric acid, and creatinine; may contain trace amounts of amino acids and electrolytes

Does ADH increase or decrease urine volume

decrease

What parts of the renal tubule respond to ADH?

Distal Comvuluted Tubules

What are the three divisions of the renal tubule?

1. proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) 2. nephron loop 3. distal convoluted tube (DCT)

What are the two components of the renal corpuscle?

glomerular capsule and glomerulus

What are the differences between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons?

juxtamedullary: nephron loops extend deep into the medulla cortical: short nephron loops that usually do not reach the renal medulla (epithelial changes)

Which is more abundant, cortical or juxtamedullary nephrons?

cortical nephrons; juxtamedullary nephrons represent only about 20%

Juxtamedullary nephrons are important in...

regulating water balance

tubular secretion

process of substances moving out of the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule for excretion in the urine; wastes, drugs and ions

tubular reabsorption

process that transports substances out of the renal tubule into the interstitial fluid from which the substances diffuse into peritubular capillaries; glucose, water, urea, proteins, creatine, amino, lactic, citric and uric acids

ascending loop of henle

up (thick)

descending loop of henle

down (thin)

Why is the difference in size between the efferent and afferent arterioles important?

Causes pressure to be created to help filtration because afferent is bigger than efferent

what is the purpose of the vasa recta in the nephron?

to help substances go in and out

how does afferent change to efferent

through the glumerulus

glomerulus

filtration (specific blood vessels assoc. “pasta strainer” (fenestrated capillaries:movement of ions), concentration gradient can move liquid out) pressure (hydrostatic vs oscolic osmotic), negatively charged protein layer, podocytes, GFR

flow of afferent arteriole

under autonomic control, control flow of blood through Glomerus

vasodilation of afferent arteriole

increase afferent diameter, increase filtration, increase pressure

vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole

reduces production and blood flow into the glomerus

more surface area=

more filtration

podocytes

form slits that are too small for proteins to get through; result is a filtrate similar to plasma minus the proteins since they are too big

fenestrated capillaries allow for

movement of ions

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

125 mL/min, approx 180 L/day, (total plasma volume is about 3L; only 1.5L excreted in urine

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

sodium is being reabsorbed, separation of substances, LOTS AND LOTS OF WATER

Descending Loop of Henle

reabsorption of water but no ions, creates a concentrated fluid, water moves out, simple squamous because no active transport need or energy needed to move water

ascending loop of henle

impermeable to water, ions reabsorbed (keep water in, kick out salt, remains go through)

distal convoluted tubule

secretion of ions, acids, drugs, and toxins, reabsorption of sodium and calcium controlled by macula densa (affected by sodium levels and prostaglandin production), juxtaglomerular cells, reabsorption of water

juxtaglomerular cells (JG)

respond to sympathetic stimulation and reduced renal blood flow of the JG complex (erythropoietin and renin)

Renin

begins the process of raising blood pressure (angiotensin receptor blockers)

SPECIAL CELLS

absorb salts and ions, 2 groups: JG cells and macliadenca cells, monitor blood pressure

collecting ducts

pass through high salt concentrated medulla, variable in its permeability to water

what does ADH do to the permeability of water

erythropoietin

promotes the formation of red blood cells by the bone marrow