Brain Function & Org

Question 1

sensory receptors

Answer 1

afferent

Question 2

motor output onto muscle

Answer 2

efferent

Question 3

single cell connection

Answer 3

stimulus> receptor> effector cell

Question 4

monosynaptic reflex arc

Answer 4

2 neurons- one sensory, one motor

Question 5

polysynaptic receptors

Answer 5

one or more interneurons connect afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) signals

Question 6

reflex arc

Answer 6

pathway followed by nerves which carry sensory info from the receptor to the spinal cord and then carry the response generated by the spinal cord to effector organs during a reflex action

Question 7

sensory neurons do not travel straight to the brain but synapse in the…

Answer 7

spinal cord- allows for faster actions by activating spinal motor neurons w/o the delay of routing signals through the brain

Question 8

the brain receives the sensory input while…

Answer 8

the reflex is being carried out and analysis of the signal takes place after the reflex action

Question 9

integrating center

Answer 9

point at which the neurons that compose the gray matter of the spinal cord synapse

Question 10

cell bumps into an obstacle, calcium channel opens and …

Answer 10

cell depolarizes

Question 11

cilia moves in what direction when calcium channel opens?

Answer 11

reverse motion (jellyfish, hydras, etc-cnidarians)

Question 12

nerve net

Answer 12

thin, multifunctional, population of peptide neurotransmitters (nerve net-> ganglia

Question 13

single celled organisms

Answer 13

paramecium, protista

Question 14

cephalization

Answer 14

groups of neurons bringing their soma together- large clusters of ganglia at the anterior end (series of ganglia that control segments- ventral nerve cord

Question 15

the mouth, sense organs, and nerve ganglia become concentrated @..

Answer 15

the front end of an animal producing head region

Question 16

nervous system evolution

Answer 16

size matters (human cerebrum, cerebellum in human and bird coordination), centralizing neurons, evolved from reflex arc

Question 17

blood brain barrier

Answer 17

a filtering mechanism of the capillaries that carry blood to the brain and spinal cord tissue, blocking the passage of certain substances (highly selective)

Question 18

somatic system

Answer 18

voluntary; skeletal muscle

Question 19

autonomic system

Answer 19

involuntary; sympathetic & parasympathetic (to smooth and cardiac muscles, glands)

Question 20

nuclei

Answer 20

collections of neuronal stomata with similar function

Question 21

tracts

Answer 21

bundles of axons extending from nuclei

Question 22

central NS is made up of

Answer 22

brain and spinal cord

Question 23

myelencephalon (hindbrain)

Answer 23

medulla oblongata

Question 24

medulla oblongata

Answer 24

contains reticular formation (connects body to brain, arousal), sleep, attention movement, muscle tone (Rem) and various cardiac, circulatory and respiratory reflexes- death if damaged!

Question 25

metencephalon (hindbrain)

Answer 25

pons and cerebellum

Question 26

pons

Answer 26

part of reticular formation acts as bridge connecting cerebrum to cerebellum (can modify sleep, arousal, and autonomic function)

Question 27

cerebellum

Answer 27

motor coordination and sensorimotor structure (damage prevents movement control in response to environment)

Question 28

metencephalon (midbrain)

Answer 28

tectum and tegmentum

Question 29

tectum

Answer 29

2 bumps in mammals; inferior colliculi: auditory, superior colliculi: visual (saccades)

Question 30

tegmentum

Answer 30

top of reticular formation, periaqueductal grey: analgesic effects of opiate drugs (around cerebral aqueduct 3&4 vents), substantia nigra and red nucleus both are sensorimotor system

Question 31

diencephalon (forebrain)

Answer 31

thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 32

thalamus

Answer 32

sits on both sides of 3rd ventricle; sensory relay nuclei, rhythm patters, attention

Question 33

hypothalamus

Answer 33

several motivated behaviors, homeostasis (temp, metabolism, etc), rhythms, more

Question 34

synesthesia

Answer 34

see color, feel sounds, smell words (problem w thalamus)

Question 35

telencephalon (forebrain)

Answer 35

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, basal forebrain nuclei, amygdaloid nucleus

Question 36

cerebral cortex

Answer 36

highly folded in humans to increase surface area; frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital lobes

Question 37

basal ganglia

Answer 37

caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus (controlling voluntary movements, learning, the formation of good and bad habits, and some psychiatric and addictive disorders)

Question 38

amygdaloid nucleus

Answer 38

emotions such as fear, emotional memory, contextual fear (bear and road)

Question 39

hippocampus

Answer 39

long term memory

Question 40

amygdala

Answer 40

emotions, hormones, and memory

Question 41

cingulate gyrus

Answer 41

sensory input, selective attention and aggression

Question 42

fornix

Answer 42

hippocampus hypothalamus connection

Question 43

limbic system

Answer 43

hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus, fornix (fear, feeding, fighting, sex)

Question 44

peripheral NS

Answer 44

nerves outside the CNS and retina, sensory & motor neurons, ganglia of autonomic & sensory neurons, afferent, efferent