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Physiology Units > Brain Function & Org > Flashcards

Brain Function & Org Flashcards

1
Q

sensory receptors

A

afferent

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2
Q

motor output onto muscle

A

efferent

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3
Q

single cell connection

A

stimulus> receptor> effector cell

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4
Q

monosynaptic reflex arc

A

2 neurons- one sensory, one motor

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5
Q

polysynaptic receptors

A

one or more interneurons connect afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) signals

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6
Q

reflex arc

A

pathway followed by nerves which carry sensory info from the receptor to the spinal cord and then carry the response generated by the spinal cord to effector organs during a reflex action

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7
Q

sensory neurons do not travel straight to the brain but synapse in the…

A

spinal cord- allows for faster actions by activating spinal motor neurons w/o the delay of routing signals through the brain

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8
Q

the brain receives the sensory input while…

A

the reflex is being carried out and analysis of the signal takes place after the reflex action

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9
Q

integrating center

A

point at which the neurons that compose the gray matter of the spinal cord synapse

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10
Q

cell bumps into an obstacle, calcium channel opens and …

A

cell depolarizes

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11
Q

cilia moves in what direction when calcium channel opens?

A

reverse motion (jellyfish, hydras, etc-cnidarians)

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12
Q

nerve net

A

thin, multifunctional, population of peptide neurotransmitters (nerve net-> ganglia

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13
Q

single celled organisms

A

paramecium, protista

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14
Q

cephalization

A

groups of neurons bringing their soma together- large clusters of ganglia at the anterior end (series of ganglia that control segments- ventral nerve cord

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15
Q

the mouth, sense organs, and nerve ganglia become concentrated @..

A

the front end of an animal producing head region

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16
Q

nervous system evolution

A

size matters (human cerebrum, cerebellum in human and bird coordination), centralizing neurons, evolved from reflex arc

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17
Q

blood brain barrier

A

a filtering mechanism of the capillaries that carry blood to the brain and spinal cord tissue, blocking the passage of certain substances (highly selective)

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18
Q

somatic system

A

voluntary; skeletal muscle

19
Q

autonomic system

A

involuntary; sympathetic & parasympathetic (to smooth and cardiac muscles, glands)

20
Q

nuclei

A

collections of neuronal stomata with similar function

21
Q

tracts

A

bundles of axons extending from nuclei

22
Q

central NS is made up of

A

brain and spinal cord

23
Q

myelencephalon (hindbrain)

A

medulla oblongata

24
Q

medulla oblongata

A

contains reticular formation (connects body to brain, arousal), sleep, attention movement, muscle tone (Rem) and various cardiac, circulatory and respiratory reflexes- death if damaged!

25
Q

metencephalon (hindbrain)

A

pons and cerebellum

26
Q

pons

A

part of reticular formation acts as bridge connecting cerebrum to cerebellum (can modify sleep, arousal, and autonomic function)

27
Q

cerebellum

A

motor coordination and sensorimotor structure (damage prevents movement control in response to environment)

28
Q

metencephalon (midbrain)

A

tectum and tegmentum

29
Q

tectum

A

2 bumps in mammals; inferior colliculi: auditory, superior colliculi: visual (saccades)

30
Q

tegmentum

A

top of reticular formation, periaqueductal grey: analgesic effects of opiate drugs (around cerebral aqueduct 3&4 vents), substantia nigra and red nucleus both are sensorimotor system

31
Q

diencephalon (forebrain)

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

32
Q

thalamus

A

sits on both sides of 3rd ventricle; sensory relay nuclei, rhythm patters, attention

33
Q

hypothalamus

A

several motivated behaviors, homeostasis (temp, metabolism, etc), rhythms, more

34
Q

synesthesia

A

see color, feel sounds, smell words (problem w thalamus)

35
Q

telencephalon (forebrain)

A

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, basal forebrain nuclei, amygdaloid nucleus

36
Q

cerebral cortex

A

highly folded in humans to increase surface area; frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital lobes

37
Q

basal ganglia

A

caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus (controlling voluntary movements, learning, the formation of good and bad habits, and some psychiatric and addictive disorders)

38
Q

amygdaloid nucleus

A

emotions such as fear, emotional memory, contextual fear (bear and road)

39
Q

hippocampus

A

long term memory

40
Q

amygdala

A

emotions, hormones, and memory

41
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

sensory input, selective attention and aggression

42
Q

fornix

A

hippocampus hypothalamus connection

43
Q

limbic system

A

hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus, fornix (fear, feeding, fighting, sex)

44
Q

peripheral NS

A

nerves outside the CNS and retina, sensory & motor neurons, ganglia of autonomic & sensory neurons, afferent, efferent

Physiology Units (8 decks)

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