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Physiology Units > Molecules of Life > Flashcards

Molecules of Life Flashcards

1
Q

physiology

A

the study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts, including chemical and physical processes

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2
Q

four categories of large molecules

A

carbohydrates, lipids, protein, nucleus acids

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3
Q

hydrolysis

A

water is added to break a polymer chain (enzymes are also required)

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4
Q

dehydration reaction

A

water is added to make a polymer chain

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5
Q

Hydroxyl group

A

-OH

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6
Q

Carbonyl Group

A

C=O

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7
Q

Amino Group

A

H-N-H

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8
Q

carbonyl group

A

O=C-OH

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9
Q

Functional groups

A

shape makes molecule act differently

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10
Q

covalent bonds

A

strongest and carry the most energy

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11
Q

hydrocarbons

A

organic molecules containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms (gas and fats)

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12
Q

carbon skeletons

A

vary in length, branched or unbranched, may have double bonds, may be arranged in rings

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13
Q

cells can be divided into

A

water and organic compounds

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14
Q

carbon atom can form

A

four covalent bonds

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15
Q

pineal gland

A

melatonin

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16
Q

melatonin

A

targets brain and other tissues to effect circadian rhythms, immune function, antioxidant

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17
Q

hypothalamus

A

trophic hormones

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18
Q

trophic hormones

A

target anterior pituitary to effect phosphorylates proteins and alter channel openings

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19
Q

posterior pituitary

A

oxytocin, vasopressin

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20
Q

oxytocin

A

breast and urine, milk ejection, labor and delivery, behavior

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21
Q

vasopressin

A

kidney; water reabsorption

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22
Q

anterior pituitary

A

prolactin, growth hormone, corticotropin, thyrotropin, follicle-stimulating hormone, lutenizing hormone

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23
Q

prolactin

A

breast; milk production

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24
Q

growth hormone (somatotropin)

A

liver, many tissues; growth factor secretion, growth and metabolism

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25
Q

corticotropin

A

adrenal cortex; cortisol release

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26
Q

thyrotropin

A

thyroid gland; thyroid hormone synthesis

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27
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone

A

gonads; egg or sperm production, sex hormone production

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28
Q

lutenizing hormone

A

gonads; sex hormone production, egg and sperm production

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29
Q

thyroid gland

A

triiodothyronine and thyroxine, calcitonin

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30
Q

triiodothyronine and thyroxine

A

many tissues; metabolism, growth, and development

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31
Q

calcitonin

A

bone; plasma calcium levels (minimal effect in humans)

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32
Q

parathyroid gland

A

parathyroid hormone

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33
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

bone, kidney; regulates plasma Ca2+ and phosphate levels

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34
Q

thymus gland

A

thymosin, thymopoletin

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35
Q

thymosin, thymopoietin

A

lymphocytes; lymphocyte development

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36
Q

heart

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

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37
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide

A

kidneys; increased Na+ excretion

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38
Q

liver

A

angiotensinogen, insulin-like growth factors

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39
Q

angiotensinogen

A

adrenal cortex, blood vessels; aldosterone secretion, increases blood pressure

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40
Q

insulin-like growth factors

A

many tissues; growth

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41
Q

stomach and small intestines

A

gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, and others

42
Q

gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, and others

A

gi tract and pancreas; assist digestion and absorption of nutrients

43
Q

pancreas

A

insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide

44
Q

insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide

A

many tissues; metabolism of glucose and other nutrients

45
Q

adrenal cortex

A

aldosterone, cortisol, androgens

46
Q

aldosterone

A

kidney; Na+ and K+ homeostasis

47
Q

cortisol

A

many tissues; stress response

48
Q

androgens

A

many tissues; sex drive in females

49
Q

adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine

50
Q

epinephrine, norepinephrine

A

many tissues; fight or flight response

51
Q

kidney

A

erythropoietin, dihydoxy-vitamin D3

52
Q

erythropoietin

A

bone marrow; red blood cell production

53
Q

dihydroxy-vitamin D3

A

intestine; increases calcium absorption

54
Q

skin

A

vitamin d3

55
Q

vitamin D3

A

intermediate form of hormone; precursor of dihyroxychikrcalciferol (vitamin D3)

56
Q

tested

A

androgens, inhibin

57
Q

androgens

A

many tissues; sperm production, secondary sex characteristics

58
Q

inhibin

A

anterior pituitary; inhibits FSH secretion

59
Q

ovaries

A

estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, relaxin

60
Q

estrogen, progesterone

A

many tissues; egg production, secondary sex characteristics

61
Q

relaxin

A

uterine muscle; relaxes muscles

62
Q

and impose tissue

A

lepton, adiponectin, resistin

63
Q

lepton, adiponectin, resistin

A

hypothalamus, other tissues; food intake, metabolism, reproduction

64
Q

placenta

A

estrogen, chorionic somatomammotropin, chorionic gonadotropin

65
Q

estrogen

A

many tissues; fetal, maternal development

66
Q

chorionic somatomammotropin

A

many tissues; metabolism

67
Q

chorionic gonadotropin

A

corpus luteum; hormone secretion

68
Q

carbohydrates

A

small sugar molecules (soft drinks), long starch molecules (pasta)

69
Q

monosaccharides

A

simple sugars (glucose-sports drinks, fructose-fruit)

70
Q

isomers

A

have the same formula but atoms are arranged differently (glucose and fructose)

71
Q

main fuel that cells use for cellular work

A

monosaccharides (glucose is #1)

72
Q

disaccharide

A

double sugar (constructed from 2 monosaccharides)

73
Q

lactose

A

disaccharide, some ppl have trouble digesting aka lactose intolerance due to lack of the enzyme, lactase

74
Q

sucrose

A

common table sugar, glucose linked to a fructose

75
Q

what sugars dissolve easily in water

A

simple sugars and double sugars (hydrophilic, or “water-loving”)

76
Q

complex carbohydrates

A

polysaccharides; long chains of sugar units, polymers of monosaccharides

77
Q

how long does energy last from fats and carbs

A

fat=energy for a long time, carb=energy for a short time

78
Q

starch

A

polysaccharide; plant cell store starch for energy, potatoes and grains

79
Q

glycogen

A

stored by animals, similar to starch, last a day or two, main storage molecule is lipids (fats)

80
Q

cellulose

A

most abundant organic compound on earth; plant cell walls, component of wood, aka dietary fiber

81
Q

bacteria

A

assist in digestion

82
Q

“low carb diets”

A

body still needs sugar so body will concert protein to glucose

83
Q

lipids

A

hydrophobic (do not mix with water) ex. fats and steroids

84
Q

linking a fatty acid to glycerol

A

occurs via removing water aka dehydration reaction

85
Q

essential functions of fats

A

energy storage, cushioning, insulation

86
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

have less than the maximum number of hydrogen’s bonded to carbons (butter)

87
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

have the maximum number of hydrogen’s binder to carbons (olive oil)

88
Q

steroids

A

very different from fats in structure and function, still part of lipid group

89
Q

cholesterol

A

“base steroid” from which your body produces other steroids (sex hormones)

90
Q

synthetic anabolic steroids

A

variants of testosterone, pose serious health risks

91
Q

protein

A

polymer constructed from common set of 20 amino acid monomers

92
Q

proteins perform most tasks of body functions

A

ex. enzymes, transporter and binding, hormones, receptors and transcription factors

93
Q

formation of peptide bond

A

2 amino acids form them after going through dehydration reaction

94
Q

structure of a protein

A

defines how a protein will work, arrangement of amino acids makes each one different, slight change in primary structure affects its ability to function

95
Q

sickle- cell disease

A

substitution of one amino acid for another in hemoglobin causes it

96
Q

what controls a proteins structure

A

environment; unfavorable temp or ph can cause a protein to unravel and lose its shape causing denaturing

97
Q

nucleus acids

A

information storage molecules; provide the directions for building proteins

98
Q

types of nuclei can acids

A

DNA, RNA

99
Q

genetic instructions in dna

A

DNA>RNA>protein

100
Q

nucleus acids are

A

polymers of nucleotides

101
Q

DNA bases

A

adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine

102
Q

RMA bases

A

adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine

Physiology Units (8 decks)

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