Glands and Hormones

Question 1

endocrine system

Answer 1

for communication, slower but longer lasting than the nervous system bc every signal has to travel through the bloodstream, crucial in maintaining homeostasis

Question 2

homeostasis

Answer 2

keeps usual state (endocrine- thermostat, nervous-light switch)

Question 3

negative feedback system

Answer 3

occurs when some function of the output system is fed back in a manner that tends to reduce the fluctuations in the output, whether caused by changes in the input or by other disturbs

Question 4

gap junctions

Answer 4

connected cells like in the heart for group coordinated contractions (diffusion-left to right, osmosis- right to left) move to higher concentration

Question 5

paracrine

Answer 5

secretions affect neighboring cells (prostaglandins-contractions, vessel construction, inflammatory response and inducing pain/ nerve ending proliferation)

Question 6

endocrine

Answer 6

hormone secretions into the bloodstream and act on distant tissues

Question 7

synaptic

Answer 7

short lived neurotransmitters (secrete chemicals into synapse)

Question 8

exocrine glands

Answer 8

not through blood, directly to target

Question 9

hormones

Answer 9

synthesized by specific tissues, secreted into the blood stream, change the activities of target cells that possess the receptor for the hormone

Question 10

hormones act on distant target cells through

Answer 10

amplification, bind to receptor changing activity at target cell

Question 11

hormone actions

Answer 11

stimulate the synthesis of proteins such as enzymes, hormone goes to DNA in nucleus in the cell the increase production changing the rate of transcription and/or translation- switch protein on or off

Question 12

neurosecretion

Answer 12

as a result of action potentials, direct response to environment

Question 13

three types of secretory cells

Answer 13

neurons, neurosecretory cells, endocrine cells

Question 14

neurons

Answer 14

many in brain that secrete on postsynaptic cell; stimulus induces (permeability increase, Na, Ca influx, depolarization) secretion follows (depolarization, permeability increase, Ca influx)

Question 15

neurosecretory cells

Answer 15

when it has an action potential, synapses on capillary, goes straight through bloodstream

Question 16

endocrine cells

Answer 16

when hormone comes into contact it moves across cell membrane to capillary

Question 17

which of the following is a method of hormone action

Answer 17

all) control of enzymatic reaction rates, control of electrical signaling pathways, control of gene expression and protein synthesis, control of ion or molecule transport across cell membrane

Question 18

amino acid derivatives

Answer 18

small hormones, thyroid hormones, epinephrine and NE, melatonin

Question 19

melatonin

Answer 19

secreted in high amounts at night sleep time correction

Question 20

peptides

Answer 20

glycoproteins (TSH, LH, FSH), diverse group (ADH, oxytocin, GH, prolactin)

Question 21

lipid

Answer 21

eicosanoids, steroids; lipids don’t like water but cell wall is made up of lipids so they pass through better than carbs

Question 22

eicosanoids

Answer 22

paracrine factors, such as blood clotting

Question 23

steroids

Answer 23

estrogen, progestin, androgens, corticosteroids (adrenal cortex), calcitrol (kidney); last for weeks in bloodstream, bind to carrier proteins

Question 24

transport proteins

Answer 24

bind to steroid hormones and prevent them from going into the cell so available when needed

Question 25

membrane receptors

Answer 25

tend to be lipid insoluble (when hormone is water soluble, the lipid is in the outside); often g protein linked, second messengers (cAMP, cGMP, calcium), exponential changes in ion potentials

Question 26

down regulation

Answer 26

gets rid of extra receptors

Question 27

how membrane receptors work

Answer 27

binds to receptors leading to secondary messengers (point A>point B causing action at point B) (hormone, receptor, G protein, adenylate cyclase, cAMP, ACTION)

Question 28

amplification

Answer 28

process of how one hormone leads to secondary messengers to multiply