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Musculo-Skeletal System > The Lower Limb (1)- Hip, Gluteal and posterior thigh > Flashcards

The Lower Limb (1)- Hip, Gluteal and posterior thigh Flashcards

1
Q

what dos a joint consist of

A

ball-femoral head

socket- acetabulum of hip bone

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2
Q

what do raised area of bone indicate

A

muscle attatchment

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3
Q

what 3 bones make up the hip bone

A

ilium
ischium
pubis

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4
Q

what strengthens the hip joint

A

labrum
-fibrocartilaginous rim attached to margin of acetabulum

transverse acetabular ligament- strengthens inferior portion of acetabulum- where the acetabular notch is

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5
Q

what does the labrum allow

A

increases articular contact area by 10%

-more than 50% of head of femur fits in

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6
Q

how does the joint capsule strengthen the joint

A

capsular fibres take a spiral course
in extension capsule helps pull femoral head into acetabulum

anterior- attaches at intertrochanteric line
posterior- lateral part of neck is extra-capsular

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7
Q

what are the three capsule joint ligaments

A

iliofemoral
pubofemoral
ischiofemoral

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8
Q

what are the accessory ligaments

A

ligament of head of femur
ligamentes teres
transverse acetabular ligament

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9
Q

iliofemoral ligaments

A

inverted Y shaped ligament
bodys strongest ligament
protects hip joint superiorly and anteriorly
prevents hyperextension

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10
Q

pubofemoral

A

protects anteriorly and inferiorly

prevents over-abduction and hyperextension

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11
Q

ischiofemoral ligament

A

weakest
positioned posteriorly- attaches to great trochanter
prevents excessive internal medial rotation

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12
Q

what is the main flexor of the hip

A

iliopsoas (iliacus + psoas major)

  • two separate muscles that merge
  • insert into lesser trochanter
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13
Q

which muscles assist the main flexor of the hip

A

rectus femoris
sartorius
pectieus

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14
Q

rectus femoris

A

one of 4 quadriceps muscles
only one to cross the hip joint (only hip flexor)
also crosses knee joint (knee extender)

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15
Q

sartorius

A

crosses both hip and knee

synergist muscle

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16
Q

pectinus

A

hip flexor but also thigh adductor

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17
Q

nerve supply to muscles that move the joint

A

femoral nerve

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18
Q

what muscles allow hip adductors

A

magnus

  • 2 portions (adductor and hamstring)
  • Gap in muscle fibres (adductor hiatus)
  • transmits femoral vessels (to poplitea fossa)

brevis

longus

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19
Q

what muscles assist adduction of the hip

A

pectineus
gracilis
obturator externus

20
Q

gracilis

A

medial thigh muscle

inserts into pes anserinus

21
Q

obturator externus

A

originates anteriorly but passes behind neck of femur

synergist muscle

22
Q

pectineus

A

hip flexor also adducts thigh

23
Q

nerve supply to muscles that adduct the thigh

A

obturator nerve

24
Q

muscles that allow hip extension

A

gluteus maximus

  • long head of biceps fermoris
  • semimembranosus
  • semitendinosus
25
Q

biceps femoris

A

long head
short head
-common origin is ishial tuberosity

26
Q

semitendinosus

A

on Top of long Tendon

27
Q

semimembranosus

A

Most Medial

28
Q

what nerve innervates the hip extensors

A

tibial part of the sciatic nerve except the short head of biceps- common fibular division of sciatic nerve

29
Q

what muscles abduct the hip

A

gluteus medius
gluteus minimus

assisted by tensor fascia late and sartorius

30
Q

The gluteal region

A

gluteus maxiums

  • main extensor of teh thigh
  • used when force is required, such as running or climbing

gluteus medius and minimus

  • abducts and medially rotates thigh
  • stabilises pelvis during walking, preventing pelvis drop on the opposite limb
31
Q

innervation of gluteal region

A

gluteus maximus- inferior gluteal nerve and artery

gluteus medias and minimus- superior gluteal nerve and artery

32
Q

muscles and their innervation in the gluteal region

A

piriformis- nerve to piriformis

gemellus superior- nerve to obturator internus

obturator internus- nerve to obturator infernus

gemellus inferior- nerve to quadratus femoris

quadratus femoris- nerve to quadratus femoris

33
Q

main actions of the gluteal region

A

external (lateral) rotation of thigh

abduction of thigh

34
Q

how is the piriformis an imprtant anatomical landmark

A

piriformis divides up the superior and inferior part

the sciatic nerve usually enters the gluteal region directly inferior to the piriformis and is visible as a flat band approximately 2cm wide

35
Q

what is the safe area for intramuscular injections

A

dorsogluteal site for use from 3 years old

ventrogluteal site preferred in children over 7 and adults

36
Q

what is the major source of blood to the hip joint

A

deep femoral/ profunda femoris artery

  • medial circumflex femoral artery
  • lateral circumflex femoral artery
37
Q

what is the minor source of blood to the hip

A

artery of the ligamentum teres= branch of obturator artery

38
Q

what does damage to the superior gluteal nerve cause

A

weakened abduction of lower limb
abnormal stance phase of gait cycle

trendelenburg sign
-when weightbearing on the affected limb, the pelvis droops on the undamaged unsupported side

39
Q

How do you locate the correct site for a gluteal intramuscular injection?

A

Place the palm of one hand over the greater trochanter of the femur, point your thumb
towards the inguinal region and your index finger towards the anterior superior iliac crest.
Spread the index and middle fingers to make a V and inject between the proximal
interphalangeal joints of your fingers into the gluteus medius muscle.

40
Q

What are the typical symptoms experienced by a patient with osteoarthritis in their hip?
Give three

A

Joint stiffness that occurs getting out of bed
• Joint stiffness after sitting for a long time
• Pain in the hip joint (may be referred to the knee)
• Crepitus: A sound or feeling (“crunching”) of bone rubbing against bone
• Reduced mobility e.g. difficulty walking, difficulty putting on socks and shoes, getting in
and out of a car / the bath etc

41
Q

What are the four cardinal signs of osteoarthritis on an X-ray?
ROBS

A
  • reduction in Joint space
  • Osteophyte formation
  • Subchondral sclerosis
  • Subchondral bone cysts
42
Q

State two typical symptoms experienced by a patient with a fractured neck of femur.

A

Reduced mobility / sudden inability to bear weight on the limb
Pain, which may be felt in the hip, groin and/or knee

43
Q

From beneath which muscle does the sciatic nerve emerge as it exits the pelvis?

A

piriformis

44
Q

What are the two components of the sciatic nerve?

A

Tibial and common peroneal (also called common fibular).

45
Q

Which component supplies the

hamstring muscles of the posterior thigh?

A

tibialis

46
Q

common origin of hamstring muscles

A

ischial tuberosity

Musculo-Skeletal System (16 decks)

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