Introduction to MSK

Question 1

what are the function of bone

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Answer 1

support
protection
metabolic
storage
movements
haematopoiesis

Question 2

what are the different types of connective tissue in the MSK

Answer 2

tendons- bone to muscle- force transmission from contracting the muscle to the bone to which they are attached

ligaments- bone to bone- they support joints and prevents execcive ROM

fascia - envelop groups of muscles and divide body parts

cartilage

synovial membrane

Question 3

fibrous joints

Answer 3

united by collagen fibres- limited mobility

• sutures of skull
• radioulnar interosseous membrane
• posterior sacroiliac joint

Question 4

cartilaginous joints

Answer 4

joints that use cartilage to unite bones found in the midline of the body and in the epiphyseal plates of lomg bones

primary- united by hyaline cartilage
secondary- symphyses

Question 5

synovial joints

Answer 5

joint cavity that contains synovial fluid

articular surfaces typically covered by hyaline cartilage

Question 6

synovial membrane

Answer 6

highly vascularised membrane that produces synovial fluid. lines the joint capsule and covers osseous surfaces

lines tendon sheaths and bursae

Question 7

plane joints

Answer 7

flat surfaces slide against each other can move smothly in multiple directions

carpal bones in wrist

Question 8

condyloid joints

Answer 8

two elliptoid bowls nested together- no rotation

atlanto-occipital joint at the base of the skull

Question 9

saddle joints

Answer 9

rider and a saddle

• movement in 2 different planes at the same time
• 1st metacarpal joint at the base of the thumb

Question 10

hinge joint

Answer 10

stable flexion and extension without sliding or deviation
single anatomical plane
-elbow joint between humerus and ulna

Question 11

pivot joint

Answer 11

rotational movement without gliding

atlanto-axial joint between 1st and 2nd cervical vertabrae

Question 12

ball and socket

Answer 12

several directions

-synovial joint

Question 13

bursa

Answer 13

small sac lined by synovial membrane and containing a layer of synvoial fluid
cushion between bones and tendons/muscles around a joint

Question 14

tendon sheaths

Answer 14

elongated bursae that wrap around a tendon and reduce friction

Question 15

functions of synovial fluid

Answer 15

reduce friction
act as shock absorber
transport nutrients to articular cartilage of the joimt

Question 16

muscles produce force to

Answer 16

provide stability

propel body segments

Question 17

origin of muscles

Answer 17

stationary anchor that usually sited proximally in the limb

Question 18

insertion of muscles

Answer 18

mobile attachment site that is usually distal

Question 19

neutralisers

Answer 19

prevent unwanted actions of a muscle; fixators stabilise a joint

Question 20

fixators/ stabilisers

Answer 20

act to hold a body part immobile whilst another body part is moving

Question 21

concentric contractions

Answer 21

cause the muscle to shorten as it contracts

most common

Question 22

eccentric contractions

Answer 22

muscle lenghtens as it contracts

Question 23

isometric contractions

Answer 23

when there is no change in the length of the muscle

Question 24

parallel arrangement of muscles

Answer 24

subdivided into
strap- shaped like a belt with longitudinal fibres parallel to direction of contraction

fusiform- cylindrical and are wider in the centre

fan shaped- fibres converge at one end

Question 25

pennate arrangement of muscles

Answer 25

have one or more aponeuroses running through the muscle body from the tendon subdivided into unipennate- all fascicles are the same side of the tendon bipennate- fascicles on both sides of a central tendon multipennate- a central tendon branches into several tendons from which tendons from which fascicles originate

Question 26

circular muscles

Answer 26

fibres form concentric rings around a sphincter or opening

Question 27

what is a fascicle compartment

Answer 27

a region of a limb that contains muscles, nerves and blood vessels surrouned by deep fascia

Question 28

what is superficial fascia

Answer 28

subcutaneous fatty layer found in most regions of the body

Question 29

what is deep fascia

Answer 29

thickened elaboration of the epimysium enveloping the muscle compartments and compromises collagen bundles and elastin fibres oriented in a way pattern parallel to the direction of pull

Question 30

aponeuroses

Answer 30

connect muscle to muscle | sheet like structures similar to tendons - join muscles of the body

Question 31

hiltons law

Answer 31

joints also have a nerve supply- the nerves the muscles moving the joint also supply the joint capsule and the skin overlying the insertions of these muscles

Question 32

when do limb buds first appear

Answer 32

small projections at 4th week of development

Question 33

what is a fracture

Answer 33

complete or incomplete break in the continuity of a bone

Question 34

transverse fracture

Answer 34

the break crosses the bone at a right angle to the long axis of the bone

Question 35

linear fracture

Answer 35

fracture in the saggital plane | fracture line passes in parallel to the long axis of the bone

Question 36

spiral fracture

Answer 36

spirals across multiple planes

Question 37

compression fracture

Answer 37

occur in cancellous bone when an axial load compresses the bone beyond its limit

Question 38

greenstick fracture

Answer 38

incomplete fractures in which the bone bends and cracks instead of breaking into separate pieces. the cortex on just one side of the bone fractures ONLY IN CHILDREN

Question 39

epiphyseal separation fracture

Answer 39

when fracture line extends through an unfused growth plate thereby separating the epiphysis from the metaphysis. ONLY IN CHILDREN

Question 40

stages of fracture healing

Answer 40

``` haematoma formation tissue death inflammation / cellular proliferation angiogenesis/ formation of granulation tissue/procallus soft callus formation consolidation/ hard callus formation lamellar bone remodelling ```

Question 41

the inflammation phase of fracture healing

Answer 41

hours to days haematoma formation tissue death inflammation/ cellular proliferation

Question 42

reparative phase of fracture healing

Answer 42

days to weeks angiogenesis/granulation/ procallus formation soft callus formation hard callus formation

Question 43

what forces lead to the appearance of Tuberosities, tubercles and ridges grooves

Answer 43

tension forces resulting from attachment of muscles, tendons and ligaments to bone – pressure from adjacent structures e.g. nerves and blood vessels

Question 44

3 mechanical functions of bone

Answer 44

Provide the rigid framework that supports the body. • Protect vulnerable internal organs (e.g. brain, heart, lungs, etc.). • Make body movements possible by providing anchoring points for muscles and by acting as levers at the joints. sound transduction in the ear

Question 45

what is a joint

Answer 45

A joint is an articulation between two or more neighbouring bones [also between teeth & bones]

Question 46

three components of synovial joints

Answer 46

* Articular surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage * Joint cavity containing synovial fluid * Fibrous capsule surrounding the joint

Question 47

factors that affect contact and range of motion at synovial joints

Answer 47

Structure or shape of the articulating bones • Strength and tension (tautness) of the joint ligaments • Arrangement and tone of muscles around the joint • Apposition of neighbouring soft tissues • Effect of hormones (e.g. relaxin relaxes pelvic joints toward the end of pregnancy) • Disuse of a joint

Question 48

In embryonic limb development, how does the direction rotation of the upper and lower limbs differ? Where are the extensor muscles located, after rotation has taken place?

Answer 48

The upper limb rotates externally (laterally) through 90% so that the extensor muscles of the elbow are on the dorsum. The lower limb rotates internally (medially) through 90% so that the extensor muscles of the knee are on the anterior aspect