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Musculo-Skeletal System > Introduction to MSK > Flashcards

Introduction to MSK Flashcards

1
Q

what are the function of bone

Suck My loliPop Suck My Head

A 
support
protection
metabolic
storage
movements
haematopoiesis
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2
Q

what are the different types of connective tissue in the MSK

A

tendons- bone to muscle- force transmission from contracting the muscle to the bone to which they are attached

ligaments- bone to bone- they support joints and prevents execcive ROM

fascia - envelop groups of muscles and divide body parts

cartilage

synovial membrane

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3
Q

fibrous joints

A

united by collagen fibres- limited mobility

  • sutures of skull
  • radioulnar interosseous membrane
  • posterior sacroiliac joint
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4
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

joints that use cartilage to unite bones found in the midline of the body and in the epiphyseal plates of lomg bones

primary- united by hyaline cartilage
secondary- symphyses

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5
Q

synovial joints

A

joint cavity that contains synovial fluid

articular surfaces typically covered by hyaline cartilage

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6
Q

synovial membrane

A

highly vascularised membrane that produces synovial fluid. lines the joint capsule and covers osseous surfaces

lines tendon sheaths and bursae

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7
Q

plane joints

A

flat surfaces slide against each other can move smothly in multiple directions

carpal bones in wrist

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8
Q

condyloid joints

A

two elliptoid bowls nested together- no rotation

atlanto-occipital joint at the base of the skull

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9
Q

saddle joints

A

rider and a saddle

  • movement in 2 different planes at the same time
  • 1st metacarpal joint at the base of the thumb
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10
Q

hinge joint

A

stable flexion and extension without sliding or deviation
single anatomical plane
-elbow joint between humerus and ulna

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11
Q

pivot joint

A

rotational movement without gliding

atlanto-axial joint between 1st and 2nd cervical vertabrae

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12
Q

ball and socket

A

several directions

-synovial joint

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13
Q

bursa

A

small sac lined by synovial membrane and containing a layer of synvoial fluid
cushion between bones and tendons/muscles around a joint

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14
Q

tendon sheaths

A

elongated bursae that wrap around a tendon and reduce friction

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15
Q

functions of synovial fluid

A

reduce friction
act as shock absorber
transport nutrients to articular cartilage of the joimt

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16
Q

muscles produce force to

A

provide stability

propel body segments

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17
Q

origin of muscles

A

stationary anchor that usually sited proximally in the limb

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18
Q

insertion of muscles

A

mobile attachment site that is usually distal

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19
Q

neutralisers

A

prevent unwanted actions of a muscle; fixators stabilise a joint

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20
Q

fixators/ stabilisers

A

act to hold a body part immobile whilst another body part is moving

21
Q

concentric contractions

A

cause the muscle to shorten as it contracts

most common

22
Q

eccentric contractions

A

muscle lenghtens as it contracts

23
Q

isometric contractions

A

when there is no change in the length of the muscle

24
Q

parallel arrangement of muscles

A

subdivided into
strap- shaped like a belt with longitudinal fibres parallel to direction of contraction

fusiform- cylindrical and are wider in the centre

fan shaped- fibres converge at one end

25
Q

pennate arrangement of muscles

A

have one or more aponeuroses running through the muscle body from the tendon
subdivided into
unipennate- all fascicles are the same side of the tendon

bipennate- fascicles on both sides of a central tendon

multipennate- a central tendon branches into several tendons from which tendons from which fascicles originate

26
Q

circular muscles

A

fibres form concentric rings around a sphincter or opening

27
Q

what is a fascicle compartment

A

a region of a limb that contains muscles, nerves and blood vessels surrouned by deep fascia

28
Q

what is superficial fascia

A

subcutaneous fatty layer found in most regions of the body

29
Q

what is deep fascia

A

thickened elaboration of the epimysium enveloping the muscle compartments and compromises collagen bundles and elastin fibres oriented in a way pattern parallel to the direction of pull

30
Q

aponeuroses

A

connect muscle to muscle

sheet like structures similar to tendons - join muscles of the body

31
Q

hiltons law

A

joints also have a nerve supply- the nerves the muscles moving the joint also supply the joint capsule and the skin overlying the insertions of these muscles

32
Q

when do limb buds first appear

A

small projections at 4th week of development

33
Q

what is a fracture

A

complete or incomplete break in the continuity of a bone

34
Q

transverse fracture

A

the break crosses the bone at a right angle to the long axis of the bone

35
Q

linear fracture

A

fracture in the saggital plane

fracture line passes in parallel to the long axis of the bone

36
Q

spiral fracture

A

spirals across multiple planes

37
Q

compression fracture

A

occur in cancellous bone when an axial load compresses the bone beyond its limit

38
Q

greenstick fracture

A

incomplete fractures in which the bone bends and cracks instead of breaking into separate pieces. the cortex on just one side of the bone fractures

ONLY IN CHILDREN

39
Q

epiphyseal separation fracture

A

when fracture line extends through an unfused growth plate thereby separating the epiphysis from the metaphysis.

ONLY IN CHILDREN

40
Q

stages of fracture healing

A 
haematoma formation
tissue death
inflammation / cellular proliferation
angiogenesis/ formation of granulation tissue/procallus
soft callus formation
consolidation/ hard callus formation
lamellar bone
remodelling
41
Q

the inflammation phase of fracture healing

A

hours to days
haematoma formation
tissue death
inflammation/ cellular proliferation

42
Q

reparative phase of fracture healing

A

days to weeks
angiogenesis/granulation/ procallus formation
soft callus formation
hard callus formation

43
Q

what forces lead to the appearance of Tuberosities, tubercles and ridges

grooves

A

tension forces resulting from attachment of
muscles, tendons and ligaments to bone

– pressure from adjacent structures e.g. nerves and blood vessels

44
Q

3 mechanical functions of bone

A

Provide the rigid framework that supports the body.
• Protect vulnerable internal organs (e.g. brain, heart, lungs, etc.).
• Make body movements possible by providing anchoring points for muscles and by
acting as levers at the joints.

sound transduction in the ear

45
Q

what is a joint

A

A joint is an articulation between two or more neighbouring bones [also between teeth
& bones]

46
Q

three components of synovial joints

A
  • Articular surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage
  • Joint cavity containing synovial fluid
  • Fibrous capsule surrounding the joint
47
Q

factors that affect contact and range of motion at synovial joints

A

Structure or shape of the articulating bones
• Strength and tension (tautness) of the joint ligaments
• Arrangement and tone of muscles around the joint
• Apposition of neighbouring soft tissues
• Effect of hormones (e.g. relaxin relaxes pelvic joints toward the end of pregnancy)
• Disuse of a joint

48
Q

In embryonic limb development, how does the direction rotation of the upper and lower
limbs differ? Where are the extensor muscles located, after rotation has taken place?

A

The upper limb rotates externally (laterally) through 90% so that the extensor muscles
of the elbow are on the dorsum.
The lower limb rotates internally (medially) through 90% so that the extensor muscles
of the knee are on the anterior aspect

Musculo-Skeletal System (16 decks)

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