Introduction to MSK Flashcards
what are the function of bone
Suck My loliPop Suck My Head
support protection metabolic storage movements haematopoiesis
what are the different types of connective tissue in the MSK
tendons- bone to muscle- force transmission from contracting the muscle to the bone to which they are attached
ligaments- bone to bone- they support joints and prevents execcive ROM
fascia - envelop groups of muscles and divide body parts
cartilage
synovial membrane
fibrous joints
united by collagen fibres- limited mobility
- sutures of skull
- radioulnar interosseous membrane
- posterior sacroiliac joint
cartilaginous joints
joints that use cartilage to unite bones found in the midline of the body and in the epiphyseal plates of lomg bones
primary- united by hyaline cartilage
secondary- symphyses
synovial joints
joint cavity that contains synovial fluid
articular surfaces typically covered by hyaline cartilage
synovial membrane
highly vascularised membrane that produces synovial fluid. lines the joint capsule and covers osseous surfaces
lines tendon sheaths and bursae
plane joints
flat surfaces slide against each other can move smothly in multiple directions
carpal bones in wrist
condyloid joints
two elliptoid bowls nested together- no rotation
atlanto-occipital joint at the base of the skull
saddle joints
rider and a saddle
- movement in 2 different planes at the same time
- 1st metacarpal joint at the base of the thumb
hinge joint
stable flexion and extension without sliding or deviation
single anatomical plane
-elbow joint between humerus and ulna
pivot joint
rotational movement without gliding
atlanto-axial joint between 1st and 2nd cervical vertabrae
ball and socket
several directions
-synovial joint
bursa
small sac lined by synovial membrane and containing a layer of synvoial fluid
cushion between bones and tendons/muscles around a joint
tendon sheaths
elongated bursae that wrap around a tendon and reduce friction
functions of synovial fluid
reduce friction
act as shock absorber
transport nutrients to articular cartilage of the joimt
muscles produce force to
provide stability
propel body segments
origin of muscles
stationary anchor that usually sited proximally in the limb
insertion of muscles
mobile attachment site that is usually distal
neutralisers
prevent unwanted actions of a muscle; fixators stabilise a joint
fixators/ stabilisers
act to hold a body part immobile whilst another body part is moving
concentric contractions
cause the muscle to shorten as it contracts
most common
eccentric contractions
muscle lenghtens as it contracts
isometric contractions
when there is no change in the length of the muscle
parallel arrangement of muscles
subdivided into
strap- shaped like a belt with longitudinal fibres parallel to direction of contraction
fusiform- cylindrical and are wider in the centre
fan shaped- fibres converge at one end
pennate arrangement of muscles
have one or more aponeuroses running through the muscle body from the tendon
subdivided into
unipennate- all fascicles are the same side of the tendon
bipennate- fascicles on both sides of a central tendon
multipennate- a central tendon branches into several tendons from which tendons from which fascicles originate
circular muscles
fibres form concentric rings around a sphincter or opening
what is a fascicle compartment
a region of a limb that contains muscles, nerves and blood vessels surrouned by deep fascia
what is superficial fascia
subcutaneous fatty layer found in most regions of the body
what is deep fascia
thickened elaboration of the epimysium enveloping the muscle compartments and compromises collagen bundles and elastin fibres oriented in a way pattern parallel to the direction of pull
aponeuroses
connect muscle to muscle
sheet like structures similar to tendons - join muscles of the body
hiltons law
joints also have a nerve supply- the nerves the muscles moving the joint also supply the joint capsule and the skin overlying the insertions of these muscles
when do limb buds first appear
small projections at 4th week of development
what is a fracture
complete or incomplete break in the continuity of a bone
transverse fracture
the break crosses the bone at a right angle to the long axis of the bone
linear fracture
fracture in the saggital plane
fracture line passes in parallel to the long axis of the bone
spiral fracture
spirals across multiple planes
compression fracture
occur in cancellous bone when an axial load compresses the bone beyond its limit
greenstick fracture
incomplete fractures in which the bone bends and cracks instead of breaking into separate pieces. the cortex on just one side of the bone fractures
ONLY IN CHILDREN
epiphyseal separation fracture
when fracture line extends through an unfused growth plate thereby separating the epiphysis from the metaphysis.
ONLY IN CHILDREN
stages of fracture healing
haematoma formation tissue death inflammation / cellular proliferation angiogenesis/ formation of granulation tissue/procallus soft callus formation consolidation/ hard callus formation lamellar bone remodelling
the inflammation phase of fracture healing
hours to days
haematoma formation
tissue death
inflammation/ cellular proliferation
reparative phase of fracture healing
days to weeks
angiogenesis/granulation/ procallus formation
soft callus formation
hard callus formation
what forces lead to the appearance of Tuberosities, tubercles and ridges
grooves
tension forces resulting from attachment of
muscles, tendons and ligaments to bone
– pressure from adjacent structures e.g. nerves and blood vessels
3 mechanical functions of bone
Provide the rigid framework that supports the body.
• Protect vulnerable internal organs (e.g. brain, heart, lungs, etc.).
• Make body movements possible by providing anchoring points for muscles and by
acting as levers at the joints.
sound transduction in the ear
what is a joint
A joint is an articulation between two or more neighbouring bones [also between teeth
& bones]
three components of synovial joints
- Articular surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage
- Joint cavity containing synovial fluid
- Fibrous capsule surrounding the joint
factors that affect contact and range of motion at synovial joints
Structure or shape of the articulating bones
• Strength and tension (tautness) of the joint ligaments
• Arrangement and tone of muscles around the joint
• Apposition of neighbouring soft tissues
• Effect of hormones (e.g. relaxin relaxes pelvic joints toward the end of pregnancy)
• Disuse of a joint
In embryonic limb development, how does the direction rotation of the upper and lower
limbs differ? Where are the extensor muscles located, after rotation has taken place?
The upper limb rotates externally (laterally) through 90% so that the extensor muscles
of the elbow are on the dorsum.
The lower limb rotates internally (medially) through 90% so that the extensor muscles
of the knee are on the anterior aspect
