The liver as an organ - physiologic anatomy and metabolic functions

Question 1

liver - physiological anatomy 1

Answer 1

location
upper right quadrant beneath diaphragm

Question 2

liver - physiological anatomy 2

Answer 2

liver consists of x4 lobes
- lobus dextra
- lobus sinister
- lobus caudata
- lobus quadrata

Question 3

liver - physiological anatomy 3

Answer 3

lobules

each lobe divided into smaller structures called lobules

lobules are divided into hepatocytes arranged hexagonally

Question 4

liver - physiological anatomy 4

Answer 4

PORTA HEPATIS

dual blood supply:
- a. hepatica propria = oxygenated blood from aorta to liver

• vena porta = deoxygenated blood from GI tract to spleen
• common bile duct = hepatic duct + cystic duct / contain bile produced by liver/ stored by gall bladder

Question 5

liver - physiological anatomy 5

Answer 5

SINUSOIDS

receives bloodflow from a. hepatica propria + vena porta

contain kupffer cells + endothelial cells

Question 6

liver - physiological anatomy 6

Answer 6

BILE CANALICULI

hepatocytes secrete bile into here which is then taken to bile ducts then to small intestine

• bile emulsifies fat
• digestion of fats

Question 7

liver - carbohydrate 1

Answer 7

glycogen-esis = glucose to be converted into glucogen

Question 8

liver - carbohydrate 2

Answer 8

glycogen-olysis = glycogen broken down into glucose

Question 9

liver - carbohydrate 3

Answer 9

gluconeogenesis = production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

Question 10

liver - lipid 1

Answer 10

lipo-genesis = production of triacylglyceride from carbohydrates/ proteins

Question 11

liver - lipid 2

Answer 11

lipo-lysis = hydrolysis of triglycerides into diglyceride + fatty acids

Question 12

liver - lipid 3

Answer 12

cholesterol synthesis = needed for phospholipid bilayer

Question 13

liver - lipid 4

Answer 13

bile synthesis = produced from cholesterol

Question 14

liver - protein 1

Answer 14

protein metabolism

deamination = removal of amine group from amino acids to be converted into urea for excretion

Question 15

liver - protein 2

Answer 15

protein synthesis

hepatocytes synthesise most plasma proteins such as albumin for colloid osmotic pressure

Question 16

liver - metabolic functions - other 1

Answer 16

STORAGE

• fat soluble vitamins
• glycogen
• minerals

Question 17

liver - metabolic functions - other 2

Answer 17

IMMUNITY

presence of kupffer cells for bacterial digestion

Question 18

liver - metabolic functions - other 3

Answer 18

DETOXIFICATION

liver metabolises drugs for medical use

neutralises toxic substances to be converted into water soluble form to be released into urine
- bilirubin into bile

Question 19

liver - metabolic functions - other 4

Answer 19

liver produces blood clotting factors needed for blood clotting