Mastication. Swallowing. Motor functions of the stomach. Regulation of the stomach emptying. Vomiting Flashcards

1
Q

MASTICATION - definition

A

definition
= process of grinding down food in the mouth

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2
Q

MASTICATION - 1

A
  • temporomandibular joint + teeth begin the process
  • mechanical breakdown of food
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3
Q

MASTICATION - 2

A

SALIVATION

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4
Q

MASTICATION - 3

A

MUSCLES
- masster
- temporal
- pterygoid
- buccinator

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5
Q

MASTICATION - 4

A

bolus produced

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6
Q

SWALLOWING - definition

A

process of moving bolus from mouth -> pharynx -> osephagus -> stomach

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7
Q

SWALLOWING - PHASE 1

A

ORAL PHASE = voluntary

  • bolus produced in mouth
  • bolus pushed by tongue
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8
Q

SWALLOWING - PHASE 2

A

PHARYNGEAL PHASE = involuntary

bolus enters oropharynx

soft palate rises up to prevent entry into nasal cavity

epiglottis rises to prevent entry into airways

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9
Q

SWALLOWING - PHASE 3

A

OSEPHAGEAL PHASE = involuntary

bolus pushed from mouth -> stomach
- peristalsis
- osephagus sphincters

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10
Q

Motor functions of the stomach - 1

A

the thought / sight/ smell of food causes activation

signals sent vagus nerve

signals sent to medulla/pons in brainstem

Ach + Muscarinic Receptors
- parietal cells released HCl
- chief cells release pepsinogen

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11
Q

Motor functions of the stomach - 2

A

STORING

when fundus/ corpus stomach receives food it temporarily stores it

the stomach can expand if there is large amount of food to be stored due to rugae + vagovagal stretch receptors

G-cells release gastrin
enterochromaffin cells release histamine

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12
Q

Motor functions of the stomach - 3

A

MIXING

food mixed with stomach 3 layers:

  • longitudinal = outer
  • circular = medial
  • oblique = inner

this forces contents to be mixed with gastric juices + gastric enzymes = chyme produced

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13
Q

Motor functions of the stomach - 4

A

EMPTYING

the end of the stomach is pars pylorica which stretches into small intestine

inhibitory hormones ensures negative feedback mechanisms to ensure chyme is ready to move from stomach -> SI

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14
Q

Regulation of the stomach emptying - NEURAL

A

PNS
SNS
ENS

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15
Q

Regulation of the stomach emptying - hormone 1

A

GASTRIN = stimulates

produced by G cells in stomach

producing of gastric acid for motility

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16
Q

Regulation of the stomach emptying - hormone 2

A

CCK = inhibits

produced by small intestines

inhibits gastric acid secretion

17
Q

Regulation of the stomach emptying - hormone 3

A

SECRETIN = inhibits

produced by S cells of duodenum

inhibits gastric acid secretion

18
Q

Regulation of the stomach emptying - hormone 4

A

GASTRIC INHIBITORY PEPTIDE

released by small intestine

release insulin in response to food intake

19
Q

Regulation of the stomach emptying - hormone 5

A

MOTILIN = stimulates

released during fasting state

promotes migrating motor complex MMC

20
Q

Regulation of the stomach emptying - mechanical

A

mechanoreceptors stretch + recoil aid gastric movement

21
Q

Regulation of the stomach emptying - reflex mechanism

A

enterogastric reflex

if chyme is too acid/ fatty/ osmolaric OR small intestine is overstretched

gastric motility inhibited

22
Q

vomiting - definition

A

emesis = expulsion of food

stomach -> osephagus -> pharynx -> mouth

23
Q

vomiting - mechanism

A

signals sent to chemoreceptor trigger zone
in postrema of medulla oblongata

24
Q

vomiting - cause 1

A

1 - gastrointestinal disturbances

25
Q

vomiting - cause 2

A

2 - vestibular system = motion sickness detected by vestibular nuclei

26
Q

vomitting - cause 3

A

3 - physical factors - emotion

27
Q

vomiting - phase 1

A

NAUSEA

  • decreased gastric motility
  • increased intestinal tone
28
Q

vomiting - phase 2

A

RETCHING

abdominal pressure increases
- diaphragm contracts
- abdominal muscles contracts

29
Q

vomiting - phase 3

A

EMESIS

lower + upper esophageal sphincter open

causing expulsion from mouth