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digestive system > Energy metabolism. Metabolic rate. Regulation of food intake and energy storage > Flashcards

Energy metabolism. Metabolic rate. Regulation of food intake and energy storage Flashcards

1
Q

Energy metabolism - 1

A

ANABOLISM

= building up large molecules from small ones
- energy needed
- e.g. protein synthesis

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2
Q

Energy metabolism - 2

A

CATABOLISM

= breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones
- energy released
- krebs cycle

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3
Q

Energy metabolism - 3

A

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

electrons from NADH2/FADH2 move through mitochondrial membrane

this pumps proteins in between inner-outer mitochondrial membranes

proton gradient formed

protons flow back into mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase

ATP synthase makes ADP+Pi = ATP

oxygen = final electron acceptor

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4
Q

Energy metabolism - 4

A

KREBS CYCLE

mitochondrial matrix

acetyl coa + oxaloacetate -> citric acid

citric acid breaks down releasing energy in form of NADH2/FADH2

help produce ATP

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5
Q

Energy metabolism - 5

A

fatty acid oxidation

  • fatty acids undergo beta oxidation into acetyl coa entering krebs cycle = ATP produced
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6
Q

Energy metabolism - 6

A

glycolysis

conversion of glucose -> pyruvate
producing ATP/NADH
located in cytoplasm

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7
Q

Energy metabolism - 7

A

aerobic metabolism

speed = slow
oxygen = yes
products = CO2/H2O
duration = long term
location = mitochondria
ATP yield = 30 ATP
substate = glucose

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8
Q

Energy metabolism - 8

A

anaerobic metabolism

speed = fast
oxygen = no
products = lactate
duration = short term
ATP yield = 2 ATP
substate = glucose
location = cytoplasm

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9
Q

metabolic rate - 1

A

BASAL METABOLIC RATE

= energy expenditure when body is at rest
- after fasting for 12 houes
- in a comfortable environment

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10
Q

Metabolic rate - 2

A

RESTING METABOLIC EFFECT

same as BMR but not under fasting state, accounts for energy during physical activity + digestion

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11
Q

Metabolic rate - 3

A

THERMIC METABOLIC EFFECT

= energy required to digest/ absorb/ metabolise food

  • protein has highest value
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12
Q

Metabolic rate - 4

A

PHYSICAL METABOLIC RATE

energy expenditure during all forms of movement

  • muscle movement = voluntary (excercise)
  • non muscle movement = involuntary (shivering)
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13
Q

Metabolic rate - 5

A

TOTAL METABOLIC RATE

  • total energy expenditure in the day

total = BASAL MR + THERMIC MR + PHYSICAL MR

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14
Q

Metabolic rate - FACTOR 1

A

AGE
- children have higher metabolism

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15
Q

Metabolic rate - FACTOR 2

A

FITNESS
- muscle tissue burns more calories at rest than fat tissue
- more fitness = more BMR

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16
Q

Metabolic rate - FACTOR 3

A

HORMONES

hyperthyroidism increases BMR
hypothyroidism decreases BMR

17
Q

Metabolic rate - FACTOR 4

A

GENDER
- males - higher BMR - MORE MUSCLE
- females - lower BMR - MORE ADIPOSE

18
Q

Metabolic rate - FACTOR 5

A

ENVIRONMENT
- colder = more MR = more work to maintain stable body temp = thermogenesis

19
Q

Metabolic rate - FACTOR 6

A

DIET
- high protein more TEF
- low calorie - slow TEF

20
Q

Metabolic rate - FACTOR 7

A

GENETICS

some people may have naturally higher or lower metabolic rates based on their genes

21
Q

Regulation of food intake and energy storage - 1

A

hypothalamus controls amount of hormones to release/ inhibit

22
Q

Regulation of food intake and energy storage - 2

A
  • neurotransmitters such as dopamine affect eating behaviours = activated mesolimbic pathway (reward system)
23
Q

Regulation of food intake and energy storage - 3

A

ghrelin = hunger hormone
- produced in stomach
- signals brain to increase appetite
- via lateral hypothalamus

24
Q

Regulation of food intake and energy storage - 4

A

leptin = satiety hormone
- produced in adipose tissue
- signals brain to decrease appetite
- via venteromedial hypothalamus

25
Q

Regulation of food intake and energy storage - 5

A

insulin
- regulation of blood sugar conc

26
Q

Regulation of food intake and energy storage - 6

A

peptide YY
- released by small intestine
- sent to brain that body is full

27
Q

ENERGY STORAGE - 1

A

GLYCOGEN

  • short term energy storage in liver/ muscles
  • quickly hydrolysed into glucose for energy when sugars are low
28
Q

ENERGY STORAGE - 2

A

FAT

  • long term energy storage in adipose
  • slowly broken down during exercise

digestive system (14 decks)

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